liaochaowu 2020-04-23
? 先前我们在讲述docker的镜像构建时对Dockerfile做了初步介绍,本文将结合上次的内容做更加细致的介绍,从回顾到实战演练讲述Dockerfile,本文先通过三个简单的案例感受、理解Dockerfile,主要是写httpd、sshd、以及systemctl的Dockerfile,之后会进行对其他服务如Nginx、Tomcat以及MySQL编写并且测试Dockerfile。
? 说到Dockerfile,就离不开Dockerfile的核心组件,尤其是镜像。镜像是运行容器的基础环境,也就是说镜像是docker容器创建的关键,而创建镜像的三种方式之一的Dockerfile是最为灵活的。
? Dockerfile可以看做是被Docker程序所解释翻译的脚本,由一组命令集合而成,每一条命令都对应一条操作命令,有其翻译为Linux下的具体命令。用户可以通过自定义内容来快速构建镜像。
? 其实说简单点,你可以认为Dockerfile是“专门用于构建镜像的shell脚本”。
? 还记得Dockerfile的严格格式吗?我们先来看一下这个表格。
? Dockerfile是一种分层结构,其中的指令每一条都会构建一层镜像及容器,只不过这是临时的,除了基础镜像,其他中间产生的容器最后都会被清除。当然有时候会出现一些“无名氏”镜像,标志就是使用docker images命令时ID和tag都是none。
? 出现none镜像的原因有两类:一则是好的none镜像;二则是坏的none镜像。好的none镜像:代表的是中间镜像,你可以认为是父镜像的子镜像,可以使用docker images -a查看。这类镜像不会占用磁盘空间,但是占用了屏幕显示空间。坏的none镜像:这类可能会导致磁盘空间问题。一般这种情况是旧镜像更新产生。
? 因此,一般情况我们都可以通过命令将none镜像删除(实战中会给出)。
? Dockerfile的核心作用就是用户可以灵活、快速、支持自定义构建所需镜像。
(1)docker从基础镜像运行一个容器;
(2)执行一条指令并对容器作出修改;
(3)执行类似docker commit的操作提交一个新的镜像层;
(4)docker再基于刚提交的镜像运行一个新容器;
(5)执行dockerfile中的下一条指令直到所有指令都执行完成。
构建镜像命令举例:docker build -t image_name . (不要忽视这个点)
使用镜像命令举例:docker run -d -P image_name
最后使用docker ps -a 查看容器运行状态,如果是up状态就可以镜像测试验证了。
首先创建工作目录
mkdir apache cd apache
编写Dockerfile
vim Dockerfile
#基于的基础镜像 FROM centos #维护镜像的用户信息 MAINTAINER #镜像操作指令安装Apache软件 RUN yum -y update RUN yum -y install httpd #开启 80端口 EXPOSE 80 #复制网站首页文件 ADD index.html /var/www/html/index.html #将执行脚本复制到镜像中 ADD run.sh /run.sh RUN chmod 755 /run.sh #启动容器是执行脚本 CMD ["/run.sh"]
其中注意:run 命令可以有多条CMD只能有一条,若有多条则只会执行最后一条
编写启动httpd服务的shell脚本
vim run.sh
#!/bin/bash rm -rf /run/httpd/* exec /usr/sbin/apachectl -D FOREGROUND
编写测试页面
vim index.html
<h1>this is docker httpd web</h1>
使用tree命令查看目录的文件结构
[ apache]# tree ./ ./ ├── Dockerfile ├── index.html └── run.sh 0 directories, 3 files
构建和使用镜像(创建运行容器)
[ apache]# docker build -t httpd:new . #因为我之前已经构建过,所以很快,此处案例显示过程是为了体现Dockerfile执行时的特征:分层和中间容器及镜像 Sending build context to Docker daemon 4.096kB Step 1/9 : FROM centos:7 ---> 5e35e350aded Step 2/9 : MAINTAINER ---> Using cache ---> 3a68b2812314 Step 3/9 : RUN yum -y update ---> Using cache ---> ecf1ecb0a774 Step 4/9 : RUN yum install -y httpd ---> Using cache ---> ae8c1ee32fbd Step 5/9 : EXPOSE 80 ---> Using cache ---> 29f12f1f7490 Step 6/9 : ADD index.html /var/www/html/index.html ---> Using cache ---> f56113e6b984 Step 7/9 : ADD run.sh /run.sh ---> Using cache ---> 886bf9e654ab Step 8/9 : RUN chmod +x /run.sh ---> Using cache ---> bf53e19ad44f Step 9/9 : CMD ["/run.sh"] ---> Using cache ---> 9500f0aefd1d Successfully built 9500f0aefd1d Successfully tagged httpd:new [ apache]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE httpd new 9500f0aefd1d 35 seconds ago 524MB centos 7 5e35e350aded 5 months ago 203MB ...//之后的案例将不再查看镜像了哈! #基于构建的镜像创建并运行容器,给容器取名为test [ apache]# docker run --name test -d -P httpd:new b7ec122849c61e36adb4a8891a87126afb53b1d5edfa2fda2a1ea18afa1a3169 [ apache]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES b7ec122849c6 httpd:new "/run.sh" 3 seconds ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp test
这样我们进入容器中检查一下这个页面文件是否存在
[ apache]# docker exec -it test /bin/bash [ /]# cat /var/www/html/index.html <h1>this is docker httpd web</h1>
那么此时我们可以通过浏览器访问宿主机ip地址结合端口号(32768)来访问网站,结果如下:
下面的案例构建就直接给出Dockerfile和构建测试命令了。主要介绍其中的关键点。
mkdir sshd cd sshd
#sshd服务的镜像构建——基于Dockerfile #首先先下载基础镜像centos,创建对应的工作目录 #开始编写nginx的Dockerfile #第一步:基础镜像 FROM centos:7 #第二步:维护者信息 MAINTAINER #第三步:指令集 RUN yum -y update RUN yum -y install openssh* net-tools lsof telnet passwd RUN echo ‘123123‘ | passwd --stdin root #不以PAM认证登录而是以密钥对登录(非对称密钥),即禁用ssh的PAM认证 RUN sed -i ‘s/UsePAM yes/UsePAM no/g‘ /etc/ssh/sshd_config RUN ssh-keygen -t rsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key #禁用ssh中PAM会话模块 RUN sed -i ‘/^session\s\+required\s\+pam_loginuid.so/s/^/#/‘ /etc/pam.d/sshd #创建ssh工作目录和权限设置 RUN mkdir -p /root/.ssh && chown root:root /root && chmod 700 /root/.ssh #开放22端口 EXPOSE 22 #第四步:启动容器时执行指令 CMD ["/usr/sbin/sshd","-D"]
构建镜像和运行容器
[ sshd]# docker build -t sshd:new . [ sshd]# docker run -d -P sshd:new c7991648efebd192eb29f1d4e3503e47e0581f55381ff7a23e545041ef5d3e67 [ sshd]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES c7991648efeb sshd:new "/usr/sbin/sshd -D" 20 seconds ago Up 20 seconds 0.0.0.0:32769->22/tcp jolly_ishizaka b7ec122849c6 httpd:new "/run.sh" 20 minutes ago Up 20 minutes 0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp test
测试
[ sshd]# ssh 20.0.0.149 -p 32769 The authenticity of host ‘[20.0.0.149]:32769 ([20.0.0.149]:32769)‘ can‘t be established. RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:XLezVGFvOKIKW3fTBD0sIE9rsdz4021taphmcCo8IJM. RSA key fingerprint is MD5:1e:86:94:2a:f5:a3:6c:e2:b4:b1:e4:50:9c:ad:8e:fb. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘[20.0.0.149]:32769‘ (RSA) to the list of known hosts. ‘s password: [ ~]# exit logout Connection to 20.0.0.149 closed.
此时我们登录该容器(ssh或者docker exec命令)查看sshd服务的状态(但是systemctl无法使用)
[ ~]# systemctl status sshd Failed to get D-Bus connection: Operation not permitted
一则我们可以使用下面的命令使用该命令,二则我们可以基于上面构建的镜像作为基础镜像构建systemctl的镜像来测试验证。
[ sshd]# docker run --privileged -itd -P sshd:new /usr/sbin/init 8dafa05dc12fc02f91dce93c6ab3085ab55eff1ee6b18c24731205e5c2ed37a9 [ sshd]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 8dafa05dc12f sshd:new "/usr/sbin/init" 3 seconds ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:32770->22/tcp hardcore_mccarthy c7991648efeb sshd:new "/usr/sbin/sshd -D" 20 minutes ago Up 20 minutes 0.0.0.0:32769->22/tcp jolly_ishizaka b7ec122849c6 httpd:new "/run.sh" 40 minutes ago Up 40 minutes 0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp test [ sshd]# ssh 20.0.0.149 -p 32770 The authenticity of host ‘[20.0.0.149]:32770 ([20.0.0.149]:32770)‘ can‘t be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:LU81jNjOCKaiWrCsxTLPmx+YsUMVOBa2rG/XLXQsv9E. ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:03:15:aa:8a:65:8a:cc:b4:fb:66:f8:f6:6c:89:84:7b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘[20.0.0.149]:32770‘ (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. ‘s password: [ ~]# systemctl status sshd ● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-04-22 02:28:49 UTC; 33s ago Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5)
--privileged表示提权,使得容器真正具备root的权限
mkdir systemctl cd systemctl
创建Dockerfile
vim Dockerfile
FROM sshd:new MAINTAINER ENV container docker #下面的命令是放在一个镜像层中执行的,可以减少镜像层 #括号中的指令含义是遍历进入的目录文件,删除除了systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service的所有文件,之后删除一些其他文件 RUN (cd /lib/systemd/system/sysinit.target.wants/; for i in *; do [ $i == systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service ] || rm -f $i; done); rm -f /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/*; rm -f /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/*; rm -f /lib/systemd/system/local-fs.target.wants/*; rm -f /lib/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/*udev*; rm -f /lib/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/*initctl*; rm -f /lib/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/*; rm -f /lib/systemd/system/anaconda.target.wants/*; VOLUME [ "/sys/fs/cgroup" ] CMD ["/usr/sbin/init"]
构建运行及测试
[ systemctl]# docker build -t systemctl:new . [ systemctl]# docker run --privileged -it -v /sys/fs/cgroup/:/sys/fs/cgroup:ro systemctl:new /usr/sbin/init systemd 219 running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ +LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN) Detected virtualization docker. Detected architecture x86-64. Welcome to CentOS Linux 7 (Core)! Set hostname to <e99fd581042a>. [ OK ] Reached target Paths. [ OK ] Reached target Local File Systems. [ OK ] Reached target Swap. [ OK ] Created slice Root Slice. [ OK ] Listening on Journal Socket. [ OK ] Created slice System Slice. Starting Create Volatile Files and Directories... [ OK ] Listening on Delayed Shutdown Socket. [ OK ] Reached target Slices. Starting Journal Service... [ OK ] Started Create Volatile Files and Directories. [ INFO ] Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown is not active. [DEPEND] Dependency failed for Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes. Job systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service/start failed with result ‘dependency‘. [ OK ] Started Journal Service. [ OK ] Reached target System Initialization. [ OK ] Started Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories. [ OK ] Reached target Timers. [ OK ] Listening on D-Bus System Message Bus Socket. [ OK ] Reached target Sockets. [ OK ] Reached target Basic System. [ OK ] Reached target Multi-User System.
重新开启一个终端进行测试
[ systemctl]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES e99fd581042a systemctl:new "/usr/sbin/init" About a minute ago Up About a minute 22/tcp gifted_edison 8dafa05dc12f sshd:new "/usr/sbin/init" 6 minutes ago Up 6 minutes 0.0.0.0:32770->22/tcp hardcore_mccarthy c7991648efeb sshd:new "/usr/sbin/sshd -D" 27 minutes ago Up 27 minutes 0.0.0.0:32769->22/tcp jolly_ishizaka b7ec122849c6 httpd:new "/run.sh" 46 minutes ago Up 46 minutes 0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp test [ systemctl]# docker exec -it gifted_edison /bin/bash [ /]# systemctl status sshd ● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5) [ /]# systemctl start sshd [ /]# systemctl status sshd ● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-04-22 02:36:18 UTC; 1s ago Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5) Main PID: 51 (sshd) CGroup: /docker/e99fd581042af009c4a15e9ab7bdd231c0052056051a1b18e9996f57eb7f2c6b/system.slice/sshd.service └─51 /usr/sbin/sshd -D Apr 22 02:36:18 e99fd581042a systemd[1]: Starting OpenSSH server daemon... Apr 22 02:36:18 e99fd581042a sshd[51]: WARNING: ‘UsePAM no‘ is not supported in Red Hat Enterprise Linux and may cause several problems. Apr 22 02:36:18 e99fd581042a sshd[51]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 22 02:36:18 e99fd581042a sshd[51]: Server listening on :: port 22. Apr 22 02:36:18 e99fd581042a systemd[1]: Started OpenSSH server daemon. #开启sshd服务后进行访问宿主机测试成功 [ /]# ssh 20.0.0.149 -p 22 The authenticity of host ‘20.0.0.149 (20.0.0.149)‘ can‘t be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:pT/8N0H/tNaMm4Zqh7u28Jm5EtmDkidSaih4lWzFIQY. ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:16:47:40:1f:40:1b:34:e9:ff:f9:15:7b:0b:f4:02:8b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘20.0.0.149‘ (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. ‘s password: Last login: Wed Apr 22 10:35:20 2020 from 20.0.0.149 [ ~]# exit 登出 Connection to 20.0.0.149 closed. [ /]# exit exit
? 本文回顾了Dockerfile,结合三个案例(httpd服务、sshd服务、systemd服务)来深入理解Dockerfile构建镜像的过程。其中我们需要理解的是
1、每个服务都需要有自己的目录和文件
2、Dockerfile的分层和中间缓存镜像和容器的创建和删除特点
3、--privileged的作用
4、体会整个从构建镜像、创建运行容器到测试验证的过程
谢谢阅读!