王治 2018-07-15
1.1 Mockito是什么?
Mockito是mocking框架,它让你用简洁的API做测试。而且Mockito简单易学,它可读性强和验证语法简洁。
1.2 为什么需要Mock
测试驱动的开发( TDD)要求我们先写单元测试,再写实现代码。在写单元测试的过程中,我们往往会遇到要测试的类有很多依赖,这些依赖的类/对象/资源又有别的依赖,从而形成一个大的依赖树,要在单元测试的环境中完整地构建这样的依赖,是一件很困难的事情。如下图所示:
为了测试类A,我们需要Mock B类和C类(用虚拟对象来代替)如下图所示:
1.3 Stub和Mock异同[1]
1.4 Mockito资源
1.5 使用场景
2 使用Mockito [2][4]
添加maven依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
<artifactId>mockito-all</artifactId>
<version>1.9.5</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
添加junit依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.11</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
添加引用
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
2.1 验证行为
@Test
public void verify_behaviour(){
//模拟创建一个List对象
List mock = mock(List.class);
//使用mock的对象
mock.add(1);
mock.clear();
//验证add(1)和clear()行为是否发生
verify(mock).add(1);
verify(mock).clear();
}
2.2 模拟我们所期望的结果
@Test
public void when_thenReturn(){
//mock一个Iterator类
Iterator iterator = mock(Iterator.class);
//预设当iterator调用next()时第一次返回hello,第n次都返回world
when(iterator.next()).thenReturn("hello").thenReturn("world");
//使用mock的对象
String result = iterator.next() + " " + iterator.next() + " " + iterator.next();
//验证结果
assertEquals("hello world world",result);
}
@Test(expected = IOException.class)
public void when_thenThrow() throws IOException {
OutputStream outputStream = mock(OutputStream.class);
OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream);
//预设当流关闭时抛出异常
doThrow(new IOException()).when(outputStream).close();
outputStream.close();
}
2.3 RETURNS_SMART_NULLS和RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS
RETURNS_SMART_NULLS实现了Answer接口的对象,它是创建mock对象时的一个可选参数,mock(Class,Answer)。
在创建mock对象时,有的方法我们没有进行stubbing,所以调用时会放回Null这样在进行操作是很可能抛出NullPointerException。如果通过RETURNS_SMART_NULLS参数创建的mock对象在没有调用stubbed方法时会返回SmartNull。例如:返回类型是String,会返回”“;是int,会返回0;是List,会返回空的List。另外,在控制台窗口中可以看到SmartNull的友好提示。
@Test
public void returnsSmartNullsTest() {
List mock = mock(List.class, RETURNS_SMART_NULLS);
System.out.println(mock.get(0));
//使用RETURNS_SMART_NULLS参数创建的mock对象,不会抛出NullPointerException异常。另外控制台窗口会提示信息“SmartNull returned by unstubbed get() method on mock”
System.out.println(mock.toArray().length);
}
RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS也是创建mock对象时的备选参数
RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS参数程序会自动进行mock所需的对象,方法deepstubsTest和deepstubsTest2是等价的
@Test
public void deepstubsTest(){
Account account=mock(Account.class,RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
when(account.getRailwayTicket().getDestination()).thenReturn("Beijing");
account.getRailwayTicket().getDestination();
verify(account.getRailwayTicket()).getDestination();
assertEquals("Beijing",account.getRailwayTicket().getDestination());
}
@Test
public void deepstubsTest2(){
Account account=mock(Account.class);
RailwayTicket railwayTicket=mock(RailwayTicket.class);
when(account.getRailwayTicket()).thenReturn(railwayTicket);
when(railwayTicket.getDestination()).thenReturn("Beijing");
account.getRailwayTicket().getDestination();
verify(account.getRailwayTicket()).getDestination();
assertEquals("Beijing",account.getRailwayTicket().getDestination());
}
public class RailwayTicket{
private String destination;
public String getDestination() {
return destination;
}
public void setDestination(String destination) {
this.destination = destination;
}
}
public class Account{
private RailwayTicket railwayTicket;
public RailwayTicket getRailwayTicket() {
return railwayTicket;
}
public void setRailwayTicket(RailwayTicket railwayTicket) {
this.railwayTicket = railwayTicket;
}
}
2.4 模拟方法体抛出异常
@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
public void doThrow_when(){
List list = mock(List.class);
doThrow(new RuntimeException()).when(list).add(1);
list.add(1);
}
2.5 使用注解来快速模拟
在上面的测试中我们在每个测试方法里都mock了一个List对象,为了避免重复的mock,是测试类更具有可读性,我们可以使用下面的注解方式来快速模拟对象:
@Mock
private List mockList;
OK,我们再用注解的mock对象试试
@Test
public void shorthand(){
mockList.add(1);
verify(mockList).add(1);
}
运行这个测试类你会发现报错了,mock的对象为NULL,为此我们必须在基类中添加初始化mock的代码
public class MockitoExample2 {
@Mock
private List mockList;
public MockitoExample2(){
MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
}
@Test
public void shorthand(){
mockList.add(1);
verify(mockList).add(1);
}
}
或者使用built-in runner:MockitoJUnitRunner
@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class MockitoExample2 {
@Mock
private List mockList;
@Test
public void shorthand(){
mockList.add(1);
verify(mockList).add(1);
}
}
2.6 参数匹配
@Test
public void with_arguments(){
Comparable comparable = mock(Comparable.class);
//预设根据不同的参数返回不同的结果
when(comparable.compareTo("Test")).thenReturn(1);
when(comparable.compareTo("Omg")).thenReturn(2);
assertEquals(1, comparable.compareTo("Test"));
assertEquals(2, comparable.compareTo("Omg"));
//对于没有预设的情况会返回默认值
assertEquals(0, comparable.compareTo("Not stub"));
}
除了匹配制定参数外,还可以匹配自己想要的任意参数
@Test
public void with_unspecified_arguments(){
List list = mock(List.class);
//匹配任意参数
when(list.get(anyInt())).thenReturn(1);
when(list.contains(argThat(new IsValid()))).thenReturn(true);
assertEquals(1, list.get(1));
assertEquals(1, list.get(999));
assertTrue(list.contains(1));
assertTrue(!list.contains(3));
}
private class IsValid extends ArgumentMatcher<List>{
@Override
public boolean matches(Object o) {
return o == 1 || o == 2;
}
}
注意:如果你使用了参数匹配,那么所有的参数都必须通过matchers来匹配,如下代码:
@Test
public void all_arguments_provided_by_matchers(){
Comparator comparator = mock(Comparator.class);
comparator.compare("nihao","hello");
//如果你使用了参数匹配,那么所有的参数都必须通过matchers来匹配
verify(comparator).compare(anyString(),eq("hello"));
//下面的为无效的参数匹配使用
//verify(comparator).compare(anyString(),"hello");
}
2.7 自定义参数匹配
@Test
public void argumentMatchersTest(){
//创建mock对象
List<String> mock = mock(List.class);
//argThat(Matches<T> matcher)方法用来应用自定义的规则,可以传入任何实现Matcher接口的实现类。
when(mock.addAll(argThat(new IsListofTwoElements()))).thenReturn(true);
mock.addAll(Arrays.asList("one","two","three"));
//IsListofTwoElements用来匹配size为2的List,因为例子传入List为三个元素,所以此时将失败。
verify(mock).addAll(argThat(new IsListofTwoElements()));
}
class IsListofTwoElements extends ArgumentMatcher<List>
{
public boolean matches(Object list)
{
return((List)list).size()==2;
}
}
2.8 捕获参数来进一步断言
较复杂的参数匹配器会降低代码的可读性,有些地方使用参数捕获器更加合适。
@Test
public void capturing_args(){
PersonDao personDao = mock(PersonDao.class);
PersonService personService = new PersonService(personDao);
ArgumentCaptor<Person> argument = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Person.class);
personService.update(1,"jack");
verify(personDao).update(argument.capture());
assertEquals(1,argument.getValue().getId());
assertEquals("jack",argument.getValue().getName());
}
class Person{
private int id;
private String name;
Person(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
interface PersonDao{
public void update(Person person);
}
class PersonService{
private PersonDao personDao;
PersonService(PersonDao personDao) {
this.personDao = personDao;
}
public void update(int id,String name){
personDao.update(new Person(id,name));
}
}
2.9 使用方法预期回调接口生成期望值(Answer结构)
@Test
public void answerTest(){
when(mockList.get(anyInt())).thenAnswer(new CustomAnswer());
assertEquals("hello world:0",mockList.get(0));
assertEquals("hello world:999",mockList.get(999));
}
private class CustomAnswer implements Answer<String>{
@Override
public String answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
return "hello world:"+args[0];
}
}
也可使用匿名内部类实现
@Test
public void answer_with_callback(){
//使用Answer来生成我们我们期望的返回
when(mockList.get(anyInt())).thenAnswer(new Answer<Object>() {
@Override
public Object answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
return "hello world:"+args[0];
}
});
assertEquals("hello world:0",mockList.get(0));
assertEquals("hello world:999",mockList.get(999));
}
2.10 修改对未预设的调用返回默认期望
@Test
public void unstubbed_invocations(){
//mock对象使用Answer来对未预设的调用返回默认期望值
List mock = mock(List.class,new Answer() {
@Override
public Object answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
return 999;
}
});
//下面的get(1)没有预设,通常情况下会返回NULL,但是使用了Answer改变了默认期望值
assertEquals(999, mock.get(1));
//下面的size()没有预设,通常情况下会返回0,但是使用了Answer改变了默认期望值
assertEquals(999,mock.size());
}
2.11 用spy监控真实对象
@Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
public void spy_on_real_objects(){
List list = new LinkedList();
List spy = spy(list);
//下面预设的spy.get(0)会报错,因为会调用真实对象的get(0),所以会抛出越界异常
//when(spy.get(0)).thenReturn(3);
//使用doReturn-when可以避免when-thenReturn调用真实对象api
doReturn(999).when(spy).get(999);
//预设size()期望值
when(spy.size()).thenReturn(100);
//调用真实对象的api
spy.add(1);
spy.add(2);
assertEquals(100,spy.size());
assertEquals(1,spy.get(0));
assertEquals(2,spy.get(1));
verify(spy).add(1);
verify(spy).add(2);
assertEquals(999,spy.get(999));
spy.get(2);
}
2.12 真实的部分mock
@Test
public void real_partial_mock(){
//通过spy来调用真实的api
List list = spy(new ArrayList());
assertEquals(0,list.size());
A a = mock(A.class);
//通过thenCallRealMethod来调用真实的api
when(a.doSomething(anyInt())).thenCallRealMethod();
assertEquals(999,a.doSomething(999));
}
class A{
public int doSomething(int i){
return i;
}
}
2.13 重置mock
@Test
public void reset_mock(){
List list = mock(List.class);
when(list.size()).thenReturn(10);
list.add(1);
assertEquals(10,list.size());
//重置mock,清除所有的互动和预设
reset(list);
assertEquals(0,list.size());
}
2.14 验证确切的调用次数
@Test
public void verifying_number_of_invocations(){
List list = mock(List.class);
list.add(1);
list.add(2);
list.add(2);
list.add(3);
list.add(3);
list.add(3);
//验证是否被调用一次,等效于下面的times(1)
verify(list).add(1);
verify(list,times(1)).add(1);
//验证是否被调用2次
verify(list,times(2)).add(2);
//验证是否被调用3次
verify(list,times(3)).add(3);
//验证是否从未被调用过
verify(list,never()).add(4);
//验证至少调用一次
verify(list,atLeastOnce()).add(1);
//验证至少调用2次
verify(list,atLeast(2)).add(2);
//验证至多调用3次
verify(list,atMost(3)).add(3);
}
2.15 连续调用
@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
public void consecutive_calls(){
//模拟连续调用返回期望值,如果分开,则只有最后一个有效
when(mockList.get(0)).thenReturn(0);
when(mockList.get(0)).thenReturn(1);
when(mockList.get(0)).thenReturn(2);
when(mockList.get(1)).thenReturn(0).thenReturn(1).thenThrow(new RuntimeException());
assertEquals(2,mockList.get(0));
assertEquals(2,mockList.get(0));
assertEquals(0,mockList.get(1));
assertEquals(1,mockList.get(1));
//第三次或更多调用都会抛出异常
mockList.get(1);
}
2.16 验证执行顺序
@Test
public void verification_in_order(){
List list = mock(List.class);
List list2 = mock(List.class);
list.add(1);
list2.add("hello");
list.add(2);
list2.add("world");
//将需要排序的mock对象放入InOrder
InOrder inOrder = inOrder(list,list2);
//下面的代码不能颠倒顺序,验证执行顺序
inOrder.verify(list).add(1);
inOrder.verify(list2).add("hello");
inOrder.verify(list).add(2);
inOrder.verify(list2).add("world");
}
2.17 确保模拟对象上无互动发生
@Test
public void verify_interaction(){
List list = mock(List.class);
List list2 = mock(List.class);
List list3 = mock(List.class);
list.add(1);
verify(list).add(1);
verify(list,never()).add(2);
//验证零互动行为
verifyZeroInteractions(list2,list3);
}
2.18 找出冗余的互动(即未被验证到的)
@Test(expected = NoInteractionsWanted.class)
public void find_redundant_interaction(){
List list = mock(List.class);
list.add(1);
list.add(2);
verify(list,times(2)).add(anyInt());
//检查是否有未被验证的互动行为,因为add(1)和add(2)都会被上面的anyInt()验证到,所以下面的代码会通过
verifyNoMoreInteractions(list);
List list2 = mock(List.class);
list2.add(1);
list2.add(2);
verify(list2).add(1);
//检查是否有未被验证的互动行为,因为add(2)没有被验证,所以下面的代码会失败抛出异常
verifyNoMoreInteractions(list2);
}
3 Mockito如何实现Mock[3]
返回
Mockito并不是创建一个真实的对象,而是模拟这个对象,他用简单的when(mock.method(params)).thenRetrun(result)语句设置mock对象的行为,如下语句:
// 设置mock对象的行为 - 当调用其get方法获取第0个元素时,返回"first"
Mockito.when(mockedList.get(0)).thenReturn("first");
在Mock对象的时候,创建一个proxy对象,保存被调用的方法名(get),以及调用时候传递的参数(0),然后在调用thenReturn方法时再把“first”保存起来,这样,就有了构建一个stub方法所需的所有信息,构建一个stub。当get方法被调用的时候,实际上调用的是之前保存的proxy对象的get方法,返回之前保存的数据。