CentOS 7系统配置详解
Justypc 2017-10-15
安装CentOS 7系统后，变化竟然这么大？
一、Runlevel
首先一条，原来一直用的CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso光盘镜像（400M左右无图形系统小巧便捷），而7目前最小的镜像是CentOS-7.0-1406-x86_64-livecd.iso（700M左右），默认安装后是启动图形界面，按原来的习惯要改成启动命令行，结果发现：
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab # inittab is no longer used when using systemd. # # ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM. # # Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.target # # systemd uses 'targets' instead of runlevels. By default, there are two main targets: # # multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3 # graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5 # # To set a default target, run: # # ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/<target name>.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target #
好吧，systemd一统天下了（它管的东西很多很多，学Centos7首先要搞定systemd）。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -Xl /etc/systemd/system/*.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 7月 8 23:12 /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target
我们来看看从前的runlevel都变成什么样了？
[root@localhost ~]# ls -Xl /lib/systemd/system [root@localhost ~]# ls -Xl /lib/systemd/system/runlevel*.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target
修改默认启动runlevel为 multi-user （貌似runlevel2 3 4 没区别了）
[root@localhost ~]# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target [root@localhost ~]# ll -X /etc/systemd/system/*.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 7月 10 09:42 /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target
试试init 6 还好用不。
[root@localhost ~]# init 6 Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed by remote host. Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed.
成，好用。:)
因为我从桌面版Linux 连接Centos7系统提示变成了中文，所以需要把Centos7 的root用户语言改一下，回到原汁原味。
[root@localhost ~]# cp .bashrc .bashrc-back [root@localhost ~]# echo 'export LANG="en_Us.UTF-8"' >> /root/.bashrc
二、Services
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig
Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
systemd configuration.
If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
To see services enabled on particular target use
'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.
iprdump 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
iprinit 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
iprupdate 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
livesys 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
livesys-late 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
rhnsd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
vboxadd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
vboxadd-service 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
vboxadd-x11 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:offSysV已经快退居二线了，想配置服务得用systemctl，先看看默认启动的服务吧。（如果不用grep过滤一下，输出结果有260多行）
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-unit-files|grep enabled tmp.mount enabled accounts-daemon.service enabled atd.service enabled auditd.service enabled avahi-daemon.service enabled bluetooth.service enabled chronyd.service enabled crond.service enabled dbus-org.bluez.service enabled dbus-org.Fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service enabled dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service enabled dbus-org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.service enabled dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service enabled display-manager.service enabled dmraid-activation.service enabled firewalld.service enabled gdm.service enabled [email protected] enabled irqbalance.service enabled iscsi.service enabled kdump.service enabled libstoragemgmt.service enabled lvm2-monitor.service enabled mdmonitor.service enabled microcode.service enabled multipathd.service enabled NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled NetworkManager.service enabled packagekit-offline-update.service enabled postfix.service enabled rngd.service enabled rsyslog.service enabled rtkit-daemon.service enabled smartd.service enabled spice-vdagentd.service enabled sysstat.service enabled systemd-readahead-collect.service enabled systemd-readahead-drop.service enabled systemd-readahead-replay.service enabled tuned.service enabled avahi-daemon.socket enabled dm-event.socket enabled iscsid.socket enabled iscsiuio.socket enabled lvm2-lvmetad.socket enabled default.target enabled multi-user.target enabled remote-fs.target enabled
默认居然没有启动sshd，晕！看看监听端口：
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -lntp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2090/master
果然没有22，试试老办法：
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig sshd on Note: Forwarding request to 'systemctl enable sshd.service'. ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service'
能用，但是指令被转发到 systemctl enable sshd.service ，以后控制服务就用这个指令了。试试：
禁用sshd：
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable sshd.service rm '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service'
启用sshd:
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable sshd.service ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service'
看看：
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-unit-files|grep sshd.service anaconda-sshd.service static sshd.service enabled [root@localhost ~]# netstat -lntp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2090/master tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2758/sshd tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 2758/sshd
其实启用和禁用服务就是在当前“runlevel”的配置文件目录（/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/）里，
建立/usr/lib/systemd/system 里面对应服务配置文件的软链接；禁用服务就是删除此软链接。
有兴趣就自己看看 /usr/lib/systemd/system 里的文件，语法跟旧版/etc/init.d/ 里的服务脚本完全不同，也不能再用 /etc/init.d/sshd restart 之类的指令启动服务器了。
先试试旧方法启动服务：
[root@localhost ~]# service sshd start Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start sshd.service
用新方法折腾一下：
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start sshd.service [root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop sshd.service [root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart sshd.service [root@localhost ~]#
如果没有错误，就不会输出任何信息，这个，，，，得习惯一下。
三、网络
setup工具还是保留了，但有区别，没有了网络配置，多了RHN（Centos到底是跟RedHat一家子了）
[root@localhost ~]# setup
好吧，我们看看网络配置。
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 192.168.150.254
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
# Created by anaconda
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 298 Jul 9 00:13 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288 Jul 8 23:12 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Apr 2 23:30 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
enp0s3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.150.180 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.150.255
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe9a:a688 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 08:00:27:9a:a6:88 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 39317 bytes 2487945 (2.3 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 2216 bytes 740115 (722.7 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 6 bytes 504 (504.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 6 bytes 504 (504.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#先改改主机名：
[root@localhost ~]# echo "hostname cenots7.localdomain" >>/etc/sysconfig/network [root@localhost ~]# reboot Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed by remote host. Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed. xw@Opt9010:~$ ssh [email protected] [email protected]'s password: Last login: Thu Jul 10 10:01:09 2014 [root@cenots7 ~]#
看看网卡配置文件：
[root@cenots7 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ [root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88 TYPE=Ethernet BOOTPROTO=dhcp DEFROUTE=yes PEERDNS=yes PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_PEERDNS=yes IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no NAME="Auto Ethernet" UUID=76304098-8f46-4185-8337-bb7f0d90423e ONBOOT=yes [root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-enp0s3 HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88 TYPE=Ethernet BOOTPROTO=dhcp DEFROUTE=yes PEERDNS=yes PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_PEERDNS=yes IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no NAME=enp0s3 UUID=66a635c2-9600-437b-8cfb-57e9569f68da ONBOOT=no
看看两个文件有啥不同：
[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# diff ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet ifcfg-enp0s3 14,16c14,16 < NAME="Auto Ethernet" < UUID=76304098-8f46-4185-8337-bb7f0d90423e < ONBOOT=yes --- > NAME=enp0s3 > UUID=66a635c2-9600-437b-8cfb-57e9569f68da > ONBOOT=no
两个文件MAC地址一样，ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet ONBOOT=yes，但是ifconfig结果显示的是enp0s3，有点儿费解了。
再看看我复制KVM虚拟机时经常要改的网卡MAC地址：
root@cenots7 network-scripts]# ll /etc/udev/rules.d/ total 8 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 134 Jul 9 00:47 60-vboxadd.rules -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 352 Jul 4 00:38 98-kexec.rules [root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat /etc/udev/rules.d/98-kexec.rules SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", ACTION=="online", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service" SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", ACTION=="offline", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service" SUBSYSTEM=="memory", ACTION=="add", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service" SUBSYSTEM=="memory", ACTION=="remove", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service" [root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat /etc/udev/rules.d/60-vboxadd.rules KERNEL=="vboxguest", NAME="vboxguest", OWNER="vboxadd", MODE="0660" KERNEL=="vboxuser", NAME="vboxuser", OWNER="vboxadd", MODE="0666" 70-persistent-net.rules呢？ 网卡MAC只在网卡配置文件里有，一旦变了我只需要改网卡配置文件？ [root@cenots7 network-scripts]# grep -r "08:00:27:9A:A6:88" /etc/ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3:HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet:HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88
改一下网卡MAC 0800279AA688 -> 0800278C3746
改MAC后网卡不认了，测试结果是只需要改网卡配置文件的MAC，而且两个配置文件都要改才行。我顺便把DHCP改成了固定IP。
[root@cenots7 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet HWADDR=08:00:27:8C:37:46 # HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88 TYPE=Ethernet BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.150.180 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=192.168.150.254 DEFROUTE=yes PEERDNS=yes PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=no IPV6_AUTOCONF=no IPV6_DEFROUTE=no IPV6_PEERDNS=no IPV6_PEERROUTES=no IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no NAME="Auto Ethernet" UUID=76304098-8f46-4185-8337-bb7f0d90423e ONBOOT=yes [root@cenots7 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3 HWADDR=08:00:27:8C:37:46 # HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88 TYPE=Ethernet BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.150.180 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=192.168.150.254 DEFROUTE=yes PEERDNS=yes PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=no IPV6_AUTOCONF=no IPV6_DEFROUTE=no IPV6_PEERDNS=no IPV6_PEERROUTES=no IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no NAME=enp0s3 UUID=66a635c2-9600-437b-8cfb-57e9569f68da ONBOOT=no
好吧，这样初步解决了基础问题。
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