测试同学动手搭个简易web开发项目
JakobHu 2020-06-25
技术栈
node.js, vue.js, axios, python, django, orm, restful api, djangorestframework, mysql, nginx, jenkins.
环境配置
操作系统
Windows 7 旗舰版，Service Pack 1。
前端
Node.js
>node -v v12.18.0 >npm -v 6.14.4
Vue.js
>vue -V(大写) @vue/cli 4.4.1
后端
Python
>python --version Python 3.7.2
Django
>python -m django --version 3.0.7
数据库
MySQL
>mysqladmin --version mysqladmin Ver 8.0.19 for Win64 on x86_64 (MySQL Community Server - GPL)
命令行登录mysql，
>mysql -u root -p Enter password: ******
查询数据库，
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | new_schema | | performance_schema | | sakila | | sys | | world | +--------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
代理
Nginx
在nginx安装目录执行start nginx，浏览器访问http://localhost:80，
持续集成
Jenkins
安装后，会自动打开http://localhost:8080/，
软件安装过程就不赘述了，聪明的你一定知道怎么安。
项目搭建
本文的目的是走通整个项目的链路，于是会“弱化”掉系统功能的实现。
创建后端工程
执行django-admin startproject djangotest创建项目。
cd djangotest，执行python manage.py startapp myapp创建应用。
python manage.py runserver，启动服务，访问http://localhost:8000/，
创建RESTful API
安装mysqlclient和djangorestframework，
pip --default-timeout=6000 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple mysqlclient
pip --default-timeout=6000 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple djangorestframework
在settings.py中，添加‘rest_framework‘和‘myapp‘，
INSTALLED_APPS = [
‘django.contrib.admin‘,
‘django.contrib.auth‘,
‘django.contrib.contenttypes‘,
‘django.contrib.sessions‘,
‘django.contrib.messages‘,
‘django.contrib.staticfiles‘,
‘rest_framework‘,
‘myapp‘,
]同时修改数据库配置，
DATABASES = {
‘default‘: {
‘ENGINE‘: ‘django.db.backends.mysql‘,
‘HOST‘: ‘127.0.0.1‘,
‘PORT‘: 3306,
‘NAME‘: ‘world‘,
‘USER‘: ‘root‘,
‘PASSWORD‘: ‘123456‘
}
}在myapp\models.py添加model，model叫做HellloDjango，有2个字段id和name，
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class HelloDjango(models.Model):
id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(null=False, max_length=64, unique=True)执行python manage.py makemigrations，提交，
>python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for ‘myapp‘:
myapp\migrations\0001_initial.py
- Create model HelloDjango执行python manage.py migrate，创建，
>python manage.py migrate Operations to perform: Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, myapp, sessions Running migrations: Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK Applying auth.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK Applying auth.0010_alter_group_name_max_length... OK Applying auth.0011_update_proxy_permissions... OK Applying myapp.0001_initial... OK Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
看看数据库，新增了auth_和django_开头的表，以及model映射的表myapp_hellodjango，
mysql> show tables; +----------------------------+ | Tables_in_world | +----------------------------+ | auth_group | | auth_group_permissions | | auth_permission | | auth_user | | auth_user_groups | | auth_user_user_permissions | | city | | country | | countrylanguage | | django_admin_log | | django_content_type | | django_migrations | | django_session | | myapp_hellodjango | +----------------------------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
插入2条测试数据，
mysql> insert into myapp_hellodjango(name) values(‘hello‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) mysql> insert into myapp_hellodjango(name) values(‘django‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.20 sec) mysql> select * from myapp_hellodjango; +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 2 | django | | 1 | hello | +----+--------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
照着官网的例子，在myapp目录下新增urls.py，添加rest代码，
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers, serializers, viewsets
from .models import HelloDjango
# Serializers define the API representation.
class HelloSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = HelloDjango
fields = [‘id‘, ‘name‘]
# ViewSets define the view behavior.
class HelloViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = HelloDjango.objects.all()
serializer_class = HelloSerializer
# Routers provide an easy way of automatically determining the URL conf.
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r‘hello‘, HelloViewSet)
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘demo/‘, include(router.urls)),
]在djangotest下的urls.py中添加路由，
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
path(‘api/‘, include(‘myapp.urls‘))
]通过这2个urls.py文件的指定，api接口的路径为，/api/demo/hello。
执行python manage.py runserver启动服务，使用postman来调用http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/demo/hello/。先发1个post请求，往数据库新增1条数据，
再发1个get请求，会看到返回了3条数据，2条预先插入的数据，1条post请求新增的数据，
创建前端工程
在djangotest根目录下，执行vue create vuetest，创建vue工程。
默认安装，一路回车，啪啪啪。
开始创建，
Vue CLI v4.4.1 a Creating project in D:\cicd\vuetest. a Initializing git repository... aa Installing CLI plugins. This might take a while...
创建成功，
a Successfully created project vuetest. a Get started with the following commands: $ cd vuetest $ npm run serve
执行cd vuetest和npm run serve，前端工程就启动起来了，访问http://localhost:8080/，Welcome to Your Vue.js App,
前端调后端接口
此时djangotest的目录结构为，
├─djangotest │ ├─djangotest │ ├─myapp # app │ ├─vuetest # 前端 │ ├─manage.py
修改vuetest\src\components\HelloWorld.vue，添加{{info}}，用来展示后端api返回的数据，
<div class="hello">
{{info}}
<h1>{{ msg }}</h1>同时在<script>中使用axios添加ajax请求，请求http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/demo/hello/，将response.data赋值给info，
<script>
export default {
name: ‘HelloWorld‘,
props: {
msg: String
},
data() {
return {
info: 123
}
},
mounted () {
this.$axios
.get(‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/demo/hello/‘)
.then(response => (this.info = response.data))
.catch(function (error) { // 请求失败处理
console.log(error);
});
}
}
</script>为了运行起来，需要安装axios，
npm install --save axios
并在vuetest\src\main.js中引入，
import Vue from ‘vue‘
import App from ‘./App.vue‘
import axios from ‘axios‘
Vue.config.productionTip = false
Vue.prototype.$axios = axios;
new Vue({
render: h => h(App)
}).$mount(‘#app‘)分别启动后端和前端服务，
python manage.py runserver
cd vuetest npm run serve
嚯！ajax请求失败了，F12可以看到报错信息，
localhost/:1 Access to XMLHttpRequest at ‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/demo/hello/‘ from origin ‘http://localhost:8080‘ has been blocked by CORS policy: No ‘Access-Control-Allow-Origin‘ header is present on the requested resource.
django的端口是8000，vue的端口是8080，vue在请求django的时候，出现了跨域问题。浏览器有个同源策略，域名+端口+协议都相同才认为是同一来源。
通过配置django来解决，先安装django-cors-headers，
pip install django-cors-headers
在settings.py中添加中间件和开关，
MIDDLEWARE = [
‘django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware‘,
‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘,
‘corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware‘, # 添加
‘django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware‘,
‘django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware‘,
‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘,
‘django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware‘,
‘django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware‘,
]
CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True # 添加此时vue就可以请求到django提供的接口了，http://localhost:8080/
前后端结合
在vuetest目录下创建vue.config.js，这是因为django只能识别static目录下的静态文件，这里指定vue生成静态文件时套一层static目录，
module.exports = {
assetsDir: ‘static‘
};在vuetest目录下执行npm run build，生成静态文件到vuetest/dist文件夹。
修改urls.py，指定django的模板视图，
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from django.views.generic import TemplateView
urlpatterns = [
path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
path(‘api/‘, include(‘myapp.urls‘)),
url(r‘^$‘, TemplateView.as_view(template_name="index.html")),
]在settings.py中配置模板目录为dist文件夹，
TEMPLATES = [
{
‘BACKEND‘: ‘django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates‘,
‘DIRS‘: [‘appfront/dist‘],
‘APP_DIRS‘: True,
‘OPTIONS‘: {
‘context_processors‘: [
‘django.template.context_processors.debug‘,
‘django.template.context_processors.request‘,
‘django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth‘,
‘django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages‘,
],
},
},
]指定静态文件目录为vuetest/dist/static，
# Add for vuejs
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "vuetest/dist/static"),
]浏览器访问http://localhost:8000/，显示的不再是django的欢迎页面，而是vue的页面。
前后端结合完成。vue的8080可以停了。
Nginx转发
nginx常用3个命令，启动，重新加载，停止，
nginx start nginx -s reload nginx -s stop
修改\conf\nginx.conf，监听端口改为8090，添加转发proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;
}执行nginx start，浏览器访问http://localhost:8090/，也能正常访问djangotest。
通过nginx将8090转发到了8000。
持续集成
本来想弄个pipline的，无奈家里这台破机器安装失败，windows也没有linux对jenkins支持好，只能将就做个鸡肋版本。
New Item，命名为vuetest，添加vue的build脚本，
d: cd D:\cicd\djangotest\vuetest npm run build
New Item，命名为djangotest，添加django的build脚本，
d: cd D:\cicd\djangotest python manage.py runserver
直接执行会报错python不是可运行命令。添加python环境变量，在首页左下角，
把路径D:\Python37添加为环境变量path并保存，
建好的这2个job就可以用来编译vue和启动django了，
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