xilove0 2020-01-10
上一篇中我们讲到了Android的触摸事件传递机制,除此之外,关于Android View的绘制流程这一块也是View相关的核心知识点。我们都知道,PhoneWindow是Android系统中最基本的窗口系统,每个Activity会创建一个。同时,PhoneWindow也是Activity和View系统交互的接口。DecorView本质上是一个FrameLayout,是Activity中所有View的祖先。
从Activity的startActivity开始,最终调用到ActivityThread的handleLaunchActivity方法来创建Activity,相关核心代码如下:
private void handleLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) { .... // 创建Activity,会调用Activity的onCreate方法 // 从而完成DecorView的创建 Activity a = performLaunchActivity(r, customIntent); if (a != null) { r.createdConfig = new Configuration(mConfiguration); Bundle oldState = r.state; handleResumeActivity(r.tolen, false, r.isForward, !r.activity..mFinished && !r.startsNotResumed); } } final void handleResumeActivity(IBinder token, boolean clearHide, boolean isForward, boolean reallyResume) { unscheduleGcIdler(); mSomeActivitiesChanged = true; // 调用Activity的onResume方法 ActivityClientRecord r = performResumeActivity(token, clearHide); if (r != null) { final Activity a = r.activity; ... if (r.window == null &&& !a.mFinished && willBeVisible) { r.window = r.activity.getWindow(); // 得到DecorView View decor = r.window.getDecorView(); decor.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE); // 得到了WindowManager,WindowManager是一个接口 // 并且继承了接口ViewManager ViewManager wm = a.getWindowManager(); WindowManager.LayoutParams l = r.window.getAttributes(); a.mDecor = decor; l.type = WindowManager.LayoutParams.TYPE_BASE_APPLICATION; l.softInputMode |= forwardBit; if (a.mVisibleFromClient) { a.mWindowAdded = true; // WindowManager的实现类是WindowManagerImpl, // 所以实际调用的是WindowManagerImpl的addView方法 wm.addView(decor, l); } } } } public final class WindowManagerImpl implements WindowManager { private final WindowManagerGlobal mGlobal = WindowManagerGlobal.getInstance(); ... @Override public void addView(@NonNull View view, @NonNull ViewGroup.LayoutParams params) { applyDefaultToken(params); mGlobal.addView(view, params, mDisplay, mParentWindow); } ... }
在了解View绘制的整体流程之前,我们必须先了解下ViewRoot和DecorView的概念。ViewRoot对应于ViewRootImpl类,它是连接WindowManager和DecorView的纽带,View的三大流程均是通过ViewRoot来完成的。在ActivityThread中,当Activity对象被创建完毕后,会将DecorView添加到Window中,同时会创建ViewRootImpl对象,并将ViewRootImpl对象和DecorView建立关联,相关源码如下所示:
// WindowManagerGlobal的addView方法 public void addView(View view, ViewGroup.LayoutParams params, Display display, Window parentWindow) { ... ViewRootImpl root; View pannelParentView = null; synchronized (mLock) { ... // 创建ViewRootImpl实例 root = new ViewRootImpl(view..getContext(), display); view.setLayoutParams(wparams); mViews.add(view); mRoots.add(root); mParams.add(wparams); } try { // 把DecorView加载到Window中 root.setView(view, wparams, panelParentView); } catch (RuntimeException e) { synchronized (mLock) { final int index = findViewLocked(view, false); if (index >= 0) { removeViewLocked(index, true); } } throw e; } }
绘制会从根视图ViewRoot的performTraversals()方法开始,从上到下遍历整个视图树,每个View控件负责绘制自己,而ViewGroup还需要负责通知自己的子View进行绘制操作。performTraversals()的核心代码如下。
private void performTraversals() { ... int childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mWidth, lp.width); int childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mHeight, lp.height); ... //执行测量流程 performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); ... //执行布局流程 performLayout(lp, desiredWindowWidth, desiredWindowHeight); ... //执行绘制流程 performDraw(); }
performTraversals的大致工作流程图如下所示:
注意:
获取content:
ViewGroup content = (ViewGroup)findViewById(android.R.id.content);
获取设置的View:
content.getChildAt(0);
MeasureSpec表示的是一个32位的int值,它的高2位表示测量模式SpecMode,低30位表示某种测量模式下的规格大小SpecSize。MeasureSpec是View类的一个静态内部类,用来说明应该如何测量这个View。MeasureSpec的核心代码如下。
public static class MeasureSpec { private static final int MODE_SHIFT = 30; private static final int MODE_MASK = 0X3 << MODE_SHIFT; // 不指定测量模式, 父视图没有限制子视图的大小,子视图可以是想要 // 的任何尺寸,通常用于系统内部,应用开发中很少用到。 public static final int UNSPECIFIED = 0 << MODE_SHIFT; // 精确测量模式,视图宽高指定为match_parent或具体数值时生效, // 表示父视图已经决定了子视图的精确大小,这种模式下View的测量 // 值就是SpecSize的值。 public static final int EXACTLY = 1 << MODE_SHIFT; // 最大值测量模式,当视图的宽高指定为wrap_content时生效,此时 // 子视图的尺寸可以是不超过父视图允许的最大尺寸的任何尺寸。 public static final int AT_MOST = 2 << MODE_SHIFT; // 根据指定的大小和模式创建一个MeasureSpec public static int makeMeasureSpec(int size, int mode) { if (sUseBrokenMakeMeasureSpec) { return size + mode; } else { return (size & ~MODE_MASK) | (mode & MODE_MASK); } } // 微调某个MeasureSpec的大小 static int adjust(int measureSpec, int delta) { final int mode = getMode(measureSpec); if (mode == UNSPECIFIED) { // No need to adjust size for UNSPECIFIED mode. return make MeasureSpec(0, UNSPECIFIED); } int size = getSize(measureSpec) + delta; if (size < 0) { size = 0; } return makeMeasureSpec(size, mode); } }
MeasureSpec通过将SpecMode和SpecSize打包成一个int值来避免过多的对象内存分配,为了方便操作,其提供了打包和解包的方法,打包方法为上述源码中的makeMeasureSpec,解包方法源码如下:
public static int getMode(int measureSpec) { return (measureSpec & MODE_MASK); } public static int getSize(int measureSpec) { return (measureSpec & ~MODE_MASK); }
//desiredWindowWidth和desiredWindowHeight是屏幕的尺寸 childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowWidth, lp.width); childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowHeight, lp.height); performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); private static int getRootMeaureSpec(int windowSize, int rootDimension) { int measureSpec; switch (rootDimension) { case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATRCH_PARENT: // Window can‘t resize. Force root view to be windowSize. measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY); break; case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT: // Window can resize. Set max size for root view. measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.AT_MOST); break default: // Window wants to be an exact size. Force root view to be that size. measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rootDimension, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY); break; } return measureSpec; }
// ViewGroup的measureChildWithMargins方法 protected void measureChildWithMargins(View child, int parentWidthMeasureSpec, int widthUsed, int parentHeightMeasureSpec, int heightUsed) { final MarginLayoutParams lp = (MarginLayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams(); // 子元素的MeasureSpec的创建与父容器的MeasureSpec和子元素本身 // 的LayoutParams有关,此外还和View的margin及padding有关 final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec( parentWidthMeasureSpec, mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight + lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin + widthUsed, lp.width); final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec( parentHeightMeasureSpec, mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin + heightUsed, lp.height); child..measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); } public static int getChildMeasureSpec(int spec, int padding, int childDimesion) { int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(spec); int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(spec); // padding是指父容器中已占用的空间大小,因此子元素可用的 // 大小为父容器的尺寸减去padding int size = Math.max(0, specSize - padding); int resultSize = 0; int resultMode = 0; switch (sepcMode) { // Parent has imposed an exact size on us case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY: if (childDimension >= 0) { resultSize = childDimension; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) { // Child wants to be our size. So be it. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimesion == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) { // Child wants to determine its own size. It can‘t be // bigger than us. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST; } break; // Parent has imposed a maximum size on us case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST: if (childDimension >= 0) { // Child wants a specific size... so be it resultSize = childDimension; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) { // Child wants to be our size, but our size is not fixed. // Constrain child to not be bigger than us. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) { // Child wants to determine its own size. It can‘t be // bigger than us. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST; } break; // Parent asked to see how big we want to be case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED: if (childDimension >= 0) { // Child wants a specific size... let him have it resultSize = childDimension; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) { // Child wants to be our size... find out how big it should be resultSize = 0; resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) { // Child wants to determine its own size.... // find out how big it should be resultSize = 0; resultMode == MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED; } break; } return MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(resultSize, resultMode); }
普通View的MeasureSpec的创建规则如下:
注意:UNSPECIFIED模式主要用于系统内部多次Measure的情形,一般不需关注。
结论:对于DecorView而言,它的MeasureSpec由窗口尺寸和其自身的LayoutParams共同决定;对于普通的View,它的MeasureSpec由父视图的MeasureSpec和其自身的LayoutParams共同决定。
由前面的分析可知,页面的测量流程是从performMeasure方法开始的,相关的核心代码流程如下。
private void perormMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) { ... // 具体的测量操作分发给ViewGroup mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); ... } // 在ViewGroup中的measureChildren()方法中遍历测量ViewGroup中所有的View protected void measureChildren(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) { final int size = mChildrenCount; final View[] children = mChildren; for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) { final View child = children[i]; // 当View的可见性处于GONE状态时,不对其进行测量 if ((child.mViewFlags & VISIBILITY_MASK) != GONE) { measureChild(child, widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec); } } } // 测量某个指定的View protected void measureChild(View child, int parentWidthMeasureSpec, int parentHeightMeasureSpec) { final LayoutParams lp = child.getLayoutParams(); // 根据父容器的MeasureSpec和子View的LayoutParams等信息计算 // 子View的MeasureSpec final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentWidthMeasureSpec, mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight, lp.width); final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentHeightMeasureSpec, mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom, lp.height); child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); } // View的measure方法 public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) { ... // ViewGroup没有定义测量的具体过程,因为ViewGroup是一个 // 抽象类,其测量过程的onMeasure方法需要各个子类去实现 onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec); ... } // 不同的ViewGroup子类有不同的布局特性,这导致它们的测量细节各不相同,如果需要自定义测量过程,则子类可以重写这个方法 protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) { // setMeasureDimension方法用于设置View的测量宽高 setMeasureDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec), getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec)); } // 如果View没有重写onMeasure方法,则会默认调用getDefaultSize来获得View的宽高 public static int getDefaultSize(int size, int measureSpec) { int result = size; int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec); int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec); switch (specMode) { case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED: result = size; break; case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST: case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY: result = sepcSize; break; } return result; }
protected int getSuggestedMinimumWidth() { return (mBackground == null) ? mMinWidth : max(mMinWidth, mBackground.getMinmumWidth()); } protected int getSuggestedMinimumHeight() { return (mBackground == null) ? mMinHeight : max(mMinHeight, mBackground.getMinimumHeight()); } public int getMinimumWidth() { final int intrinsicWidth = getIntrinsicWidth(); return intrinsicWidth > 0 ? intrinsicWidth : 0; }
如果View没有设置背景,那么返回android:minWidth这个属性所指定的值,这个值可以为0;如果View设置了背景,则返回android:minWidth和背景的最小宽度这两者中的最大值。
直接继承View的控件需要重写onMeasure方法并设置wrap_content时的自身大小,否则在布局中使用wrap_content就相当于使用match_parent。解决方式如下:
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int height MeasureSpec) { super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec); int widthSpecMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec); int widtuhSpecSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec); int heightSpecMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec); // 在wrap_content的情况下指定内部宽/高(mWidth和mHeight) int heightSpecSize = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST && heightSpecMode == MeasureSpec.AT_MOST) { setMeasuredDimension(mWidth, mHeight); } else if (widthSpecMode == MeasureSpec.AT_MOST) { setMeasureDimension(mWidth, heightSpecSize); } else if (heightSpecMode == MeasureSpec.AT_MOST) { setMeasureDimension(widthSpecSize, mHeight); } }
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int hegithMeasureSpec) { if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) { measureVertical(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec); } else { measureHorizontal(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec); } } // measureVertical核心源码 // See how tall everyone is. Also remember max width. for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) { final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i); ... // Determine how big this child would like to be. If this or // previous children have given a weight, then we allow it to // use all available space (and we will shrink things later // if need) measureChildBeforeLayout( child, i, widthMeasureSpec, 0, heightMeasureSpec, totalWeight == 0 ? mTotalLength : 0); if (oldHeight != Integer.MIN_VALUE) { lp.height = oldHeight; } final int childHeight = child.getMeasuredHeight(); final int totalLength = mTotalLength; mTotalLength = Math.max(totalLength, totalLength + childHeight + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin + getNextLocationOffset(child)); }
系统会遍历子元素并对每个子元素执行measureChildBeforeLayout方法,这个方法内部会调用子元素的measure方法,这样各个子元素就开始依次进入measure过程,并且系统会通过mTotalLength这个变量来存储LinearLayout在竖直方向的初步高度。每测量一个子元素,mTotalLength就会增加,增加的部分主要包括了子元素的高度以及子元素在竖直方向上的margin等。
// LinearLayout测量自己大小的核心源码 // Add in our padding mTotalLength += mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom; int heightSize = mTotalLength; // Check against our minimum height heightSize = Math.max(heightSize, getSuggestedMinimumHeight()); // Reconcile our calculated size with the heightMeasureSpec int heightSizeAndState = resolveSizeAndState(heightSize, heightMeasureSpec, 0); heightSize = heightSizeAndState & MEASURED_SIZE_MASK; ... setMeasuredDimension(resolveSizeAndSize(maxWidth, widthMeasureSpec, childState), heightSizeAndState); public static int resolveSizeAndState(int size, int measureSpec, int childMeasuredState) { int result = size; int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec); int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec); switch (specMode) { case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED: result = size; break; case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST: // 高度不能超过父容器的剩余空间 if (specSize < size) { result = specSize | MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL; } else { result = size; } break; case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY: result = specSize; break; } return result | (childMeasuredState & MEASURED_STATE_MASK); }
由于View的measure过程和Activity的生命周期方法不是同步执行的,如果View还没有测量完毕,那么获得的宽/高就是0。所以在onCreate、onStart、onResume中均无法正确得到某个View的宽高信息。解决方式如下:
Activity/View#onWindowFocusChanged
// 此时View已经初始化完毕
// 当Activity的窗口得到焦点和失去焦点时均会被调用一次
// 如果频繁地进行onResume和onPause,那么onWindowFocusChanged也会被频繁地调用
public void onWindowFocusChanged(boolean hasFocus) {
super.onWindowFocusChanged(hasFocus);
if (hasFocus) {
int width = view.getMeasureWidth();
int height = view.getMeasuredHeight();
}
}
view.post(runnable)
// 通过post可以将一个runnable投递到消息队列的尾部,// 然后等待Looper调用次runnable的时候,View也已经初
// 始化好了
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
view.post(new Runnable() {
@Override public void run() { int width = view.getMeasuredWidth(); int height = view.getMeasuredHeight(); } });
}
ViewTreeObserver
// 当View树的状态发生改变或者View树内部的View的可见// 性发生改变时,onGlobalLayout方法将被回调
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
ViewTreeObserver observer = view.getViewTreeObserver(); observer.addOnGlobalLayoutListener(new OnGlobalLayoutListener() { @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") @Override public void onGlobalLayout() { view.getViewTreeObserver().removeGlobalOnLayoutListener(this); int width = view.getMeasuredWidth(); int height = view.getMeasuredHeight(); } });
}
// ViewRootImpl.java private void performLayout(WindowManager.LayoutParams lp, int desiredWindowWidth, int desiredWindowHeight) { ... host.layout(0, 0, host.getMeasuredWidth(), host.getMeasuredHeight()); ... } // View.java public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) { ... // 通过setFrame方法来设定View的四个顶点的位置,即View在父容器中的位置 boolean changed = isLayoutModeOptical(mParent) ? set OpticalFrame(l, t, r, b) : setFrame(l, t, r, b); ... onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b); ... } // 空方法,子类如果是ViewGroup类型,则重写这个方法,实现ViewGroup // 中所有View控件布局流程 protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int left, int top, int right, int bottom) { }
protected void onlayout(boolean changed, int l, int t, int r, int b) { if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) { layoutVertical(l, t, r, b); } else { layoutHorizontal(l,) } } // layoutVertical核心源码 void layoutVertical(int left, int top, int right, int bottom) { ... final int count = getVirtualChildCount(); for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i); if (child == null) { childTop += measureNullChild(i); } else if (child.getVisibility() != GONE) { final int childWidth = child.getMeasureWidth(); final int childHeight = child.getMeasuredHeight(); final LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp = (LinearLayout.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams(); ... if (hasDividerBeforeChildAt(i)) { childTop += mDividerHeight; } childTop += lp.topMargin; // 为子元素确定对应的位置 setChildFrame(child, childLeft, childTop + getLocationOffset(child), childWidth, childHeight); // childTop会逐渐增大,意味着后面的子元素会被 // 放置在靠下的位置 childTop += childHeight + lp.bottomMargin + getNextLocationOffset(child); i += getChildrenSkipCount(child,i) } } } private void setChildFrame(View child, int left, int top, int width, int height) { child.layout(left, top, left + width, top + height); }
注意:在View的默认实现中,View的测量宽/高和最终宽/高是相等的,只不过测量宽/高形成于View的measure过程,而最终宽/高形成于View的layout过程,即两者的赋值时机不同,测量宽/高的赋值时机稍微早一些。在一些特殊的情况下则两者不相等:
重写View的layout方法,使最终宽度总是比测量宽/高大100px
public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
super.layout(l, t, r + 100, b + 100);
}
private void performDraw() { ... draw(fullRefrawNeeded); ... } private void draw(boolean fullRedrawNeeded) { ... if (!drawSoftware(surface, mAttachInfo, xOffest, yOffset, scalingRequired, dirty)) { return; } ... } private boolean drawSoftware(Surface surface, AttachInfo attachInfo, int xoff, int yoff, boolean scallingRequired, Rect dirty) { ... mView.draw(canvas); ... } // 绘制基本上可以分为六个步骤 public void draw(Canvas canvas) { ... // 步骤一:绘制View的背景 drawBackground(canvas); ... // 步骤二:如果需要的话,保持canvas的图层,为fading做准备 saveCount = canvas.getSaveCount(); ... canvas.saveLayer(left, top, right, top + length, null, flags); ... // 步骤三:绘制View的内容 onDraw(canvas); ... // 步骤四:绘制View的子View dispatchDraw(canvas); ... // 步骤五:如果需要的话,绘制View的fading边缘并恢复图层 canvas.drawRect(left, top, right, top + length, p); ... canvas.restoreToCount(saveCount); ... // 步骤六:绘制View的装饰(例如滚动条等等) onDrawForeground(canvas) }
// 如果一个View不需要绘制任何内容,那么设置这个标记位为true以后, // 系统会进行相应的优化。 public void setWillNotDraw(boolean willNotDraw) { setFlags(willNotDraw ? WILL_NOT_DRAW : 0, DRAW_MASK); }
View的绘制流程和事件分发机制都是Android开发中的核心知识点,也是自定义View高手的内功心法。对于一名优秀的Android开发来说,主流三方源码分析和Android核心源码分析可以说是必修课,下一篇,将会带领大家更进一步深入Android。
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