zyytaiyame 2019-06-28
浏览器缓存遵循HTTP协议定义的缓存机制(如:Expires;Cache-control等)。
校验是否过期 | Cache-Control(max-age)、Expires |
---|---|
协议中Etag头信息校验 | Etag |
Last-Modified头信息校验 | Last-Modified |
Nginx通过添加Cache-Control(max-age)、Expires头信息的方式控制浏览器缓存。
Syntax: expires [modified] time; expires epoch | max | off; Default: expires off; Context: http, server, location, if in location
本配置项可以控制HTTP响应中的“Expires”和“Cache-Control”头信息,(起到控制页面缓存的作用)。“Expires”头信息中的过期时间为当前系统时间与您设定的 time 值时间的和。如果指定了 modified 参数,则过期时间为文件的最后修改时间与您设定的 time 值时间的和。
“Cache-Control”头信息的内容取决于指定 time 的符号。可以在time值中使用正数或负数。
当 time 为负数,“Cache-Control: no-cache”;
当 time 为正数或0,“Cache-Control: max-age=time”,单位是秒。
epoch
参数用于指定“Expires”的值为 1 January, 1970, 00:00:01 GMT。max
参数用于指定“Expires”的值为 “Thu, 31 Dec 2037 23:55:55 GMT”,“Cache-Control” 的值为10 年。off
参数令对“Expires” 和 “Cache-Control”响应头信息的添加或修改失效。
server { location ~ .*\.(txt|xml)$ { # 设置过期时间为1天 expires 1d; root /vagrant/doc; } }
/vagrant/doc/hello.txt
文件[root/etc/nginx]# curl -I 192.168.33.88/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:12:11 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Expires: Wed, 18 Jul 2018 07:12:11 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=86400 Accept-Ranges: bytes
重点查看 Expires
和 Cache-Control
两个字段,可见,hello.txt 的缓存时间为1天。
目的:防止资源被盗用
思路:区别哪些请求是非正常的用户请求
Syntax: valid_referers none | blocked | server_names | string ...; Default: — Context: server, location
none
:请求头中没有 Referer 字段blocked
:请求头中虽然存在“Referer”字段,但是它的值已经被防火墙或代理服务器删除;这些值是不以“http://”或“https://”开头的字符串;server_names
:“Referer”请求头字段包含该服务器名称
任意字符串:定义一个服务器名称和一个可选的URI前缀。服务器名开始或结尾可以有 “*” 。检查时,“Referer”字段中的服务器端口会被忽略。
正则表达式:字符串必须以~
开头,值得注意的是,正则表达式匹配的是在“http://”或“https://”之后的内容。
valid_referers none blocked server_names *.example.com example.* www.example.org/galleries/ ~\.google\.;
server { location ~ .*\.(txt|xml)$ { # 配置防盗链规则 valid_referers none blocked 192.168.1.110 *.example.com example.* ~\.google\.; # 如果不符合防盗链规则,则返回403 if ($invalid_referer) { return 403; } root /vagrant/doc; } }
/vagrant/doc/hello.txt
文件Hello world!
[root~]# curl -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Fri, 03 Aug 2018 01:34:12 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Accept-Ranges: bytes
http://www.baidu.com
,返回403[root~]# curl -e "http://www.baidu.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Fri, 03 Aug 2018 01:34:34 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 169 Connection: keep-alive
http://192.168.1.110
,可以正常访问[root~]# curl -e "http://192.168.1.110" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2018 11:31:51 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Accept-Ranges: bytes
example.
开头或 .example.com
结尾,可以正常访问[root~]# curl -e "http://www.example.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2018 11:33:47 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Accept-Ranges: bytes [root~]# curl -e "http://example.baidu.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2018 11:33:53 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Accept-Ranges: bytes
http://192.168.1.110
,可以正常访问[root~]# curl -e "http://192.168.1.110" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2018 11:31:51 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Accept-Ranges: bytes
http://google.com
,返回403[root~]# curl -e "http://google.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2018 11:37:43 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 169 Connection: keep-alive
http://www.google.com
,可以正常访问[root~]# curl -e "http://www.google.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/hello.txt HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.14.0 Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2018 11:37:50 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12 Last-Modified: Tue, 17 Jul 2018 07:07:22 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5b4d95aa-c" Accept-Ranges: bytes