superyu 2016-09-12
以前做网站的时候遇到了网站的访问量很大,而导致后端处理程序响应超时而导致的一些问题。当时采用的架构是nginx+php-fastcgi,同事想到了用nginx-proxycache来做页面缓存,效果也还行。下面我想介绍一下varnish的使用技巧
准备
varnish严格来说是可以当作一个代理服务器的软件,直接将HTTP请求转发到php-cgi,然后交给php处理,varnish会获取经过php处理后的数据,最后返回给浏览器。如图
但是,现在php-fastcgi已经被逐渐淘汰了,也就是说我们一般情况下不会使用php-fastcgi,那么我们不能直接将varnish与php组合,因为php-fpm的交互方式为socket,而不再是监听本机的9000端口
所以我们必须找一个的媒介,连接varnish和php-fpm,nginx可以扮演这个媒介,如下图:
那么问题来了,根据研究发现,varnish处理http请求不如nginx那么高效。所以如果我们让nginx做前锋,这样就更完美了。那我们需要怎么才能达到这个目的呢,下面我们来整理一下流程
下面就来实现一下图三的架构吧。
事先需要准备nginx,varnish,php-fpm,php这些软件,OS是ubuntu,所有软件都可以用apt-get install来安装,不了解包名全称的话可以先apt-get update,更新一下源,然后再用apt-cache search xxx来查找软件包名
安装完varnish后,可以使用service varnish回车,查看可操作选项* Usage: /etc/init.d/varnish {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|configtest},一般安装完毕后,系统会自动启动varnish的,nginx也是一样,便不赘述了
配置
安装完所需的软件后,下面需要配置这些软件,来实现这个架构
nginx部分
vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
http { ## proxy global setting proxy_connect_timeout 5; proxy_read_timeout 60; proxy_send_timeout 5; proxy_buffer_size 16k; proxy_buffers 4 64k; proxy_busy_buffers_size 128k; ##END ## cache proxy pass upstream cache { server 127.0.0.1:6081; } ##END ## php proxy pass upstream php { server 127.0.0.1:8080; } ##END # Basic Settings sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; server_tokens off; #depend on nginx-extras 需要安装nginx-extras才能定义Server more_set_headers 'Server: Bird-shark'; # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; # server_name_in_redirect off; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; ## # SSL Settings ## ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; ## # Logging Settings ## access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; ## # Gzip Settings ## gzip on; gzip_disable "msie6"; gzip_vary on; gzip_proxied any; gzip_comp_level 6; gzip_buffers 16 8k; gzip_http_version 1.1; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; ## # Virtual Host Configs ## include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; }
varnish部分
vi /etc/varnish/default.vcl
server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; index index.html index.htm index.php; server_name localhost; location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|png|css|js|flv|ico|swf|html)$ { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass http://cache; } # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # location / { proxy_pass http://php; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass_header Server; } } server { listen 8080; root /var/www/html; index index.html index.htm index.php; location / { if (!-e $request_filename){ rewrite ^(.*)$ /index.php?s=$1 last; break; } try_files $uri $uri/ =404; } location ~ ^(.+\.php)(.*)$ { fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; fastcgi_intercept_errors on; fastcgi_buffers 8 128k; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } }
测试&分析
1. 在不使用缓存模块的情况下
vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
#location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|png|css|js|flv|ico|swf|html)$ { # proxy_set_header Host $host; # proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; # proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; # proxy_pass http://cache; #}
先用chrome浏览器访问查看请求头
我们再使用curl,在服务器上执行以下命令
curl -k -v 'http://192.168.99.1/Public/Home/images/t_navigation_logo.png' -H 'Pragma: no-cache' -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch' -H 'Accept-Language: zh,en;q=0.8,zh-CN;q=0.6' -H 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36' -H 'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8' -H 'Connection: keep-alive' --compressed
发现有输出内容。
然后,反选disable cache
然后在服务器上执行以下命令
curl -k -v 'http://192.168.99.1/Public/Home/images/t_navigation_logo.png' -H 'If-None-Match: "57c6b733-1962"' -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch' -H 'Accept-Language: zh,en;q=0.8,zh-CN;q=0.6' -H 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36' -H 'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8' -H 'Connection: keep-alive' -H 'If-Modified-Since: Wed, 31 Aug 2016 10:53:39 GMT' --compressed
发现只返回了头部信息,然而没有内容返回
然后我们比较两个命令 发现区别就在-H 'Pragma: no-cache'和 -H 'If-Modified-Since: Wed, 31 Aug 2016 10:53:39 GMT' -H 'If-None-Match: "57c6b733-1962"'
57c6b733-1962这串字符对应的是服务器响应给浏览器的ETag部分的内容,然后我们修改一下部分的内容
curl -k -v 'http://192.168.99.1/Public/Home/images/t_navigation_logo.png' -H 'If-None-Match: "57c6b733-1234"' -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch' -H 'Accept-Language: zh,en;q=0.8,zh-CN;q=0.6' -H 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36' -H 'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8' -H 'Connection: keep-alive' -H 'If-Modified-Since: Wed, 31 Aug 2016 10:53:39 GMT' --compressed
在服务器端执行一下。发现有内容返回,所以这个ETag相当于token,它不是由nginx随便生成的,且跟请求链接应是一一对应的,用来标识缓存的,当服务器返回的状态为304的时候,这时候我们浏览器会直接找到本地的缓存数据
2. 在使用缓存模块的情况下
vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|png|css|js|flv|ico|swf|html)$ { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass http://cache; }
用浏览器查看响应头
发现X-Cache:MISS from 192.168.99.1.这表示缓存未命中,然后我们刷新X-Cache:HIT from 192.168.99.1,这时候发现已经命中了。
对于已经命中的资源文件,我们如果将其删除会出现什么效果呢,答案是,其依然可以访问,除非重启或者将缓存清除
但是对PURGE显然是不对外公开的,以下是服务器端用curl清除varnish缓存的命令
curl -v -k -X PURGE http://localhost/Public/Home/css/t_navigation.css