CentOS下rpm命令简述

rpm，RedHat Package Manager，即为红帽公司为RHEL开发的专用包管理器，后来更改为RPM Package Manager,类似于GNU项目，使用递归命名，GNU's Not Unix.

通用选项

-v 显示附加信息

-vv 显示调试信息

--root 让RPM将指定的路径做为"根目录"，这样预安装程序和后安
装程序都会安装到这个目录下

--dbpath 设置RPM 资料库存所在的路径为

查询

1.查询指定的包是否安装，比如tree

[root@localhost tmp]#rpm -q tree
tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64

#PKG为包全名
rpm -q PKG

2.查询指定文件来自于那个安装包，以/bin/ls文件为例

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -qf /bin/ls
coreutils-8.4-43.el6.x86_64

rpm -qf /PATH/TO/FILE

3.查询包更新信息

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -q --changelog tree
* Thu Nov 27 2014 Tim Waugh <[email protected]> - 1.5.3-3
- Handle large UID/GID values (bug #1110559).

* Wed Mar 03 2010 Tim Waugh <[email protected]> 1.5.3-2
- Added comments to all patches.
...

rpm -q --changelog PKG

4.查询包元数据

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -qi tree
Name        : tree                         Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version     : 1.5.3                             Vendor: CentOS
Release     : 3.el6                         Build Date: Wed 14 Jan 2015 08:21:02 PM CST
Install Date: Sat 25 Mar 2017 04:17:05 AM CST      Build Host: c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org
Group       : Applications/File             Source RPM: tree-1.5.3-3.el6.src.rpm
...

rpm -qi PKG

5.查询包生成的所有文件

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ql tree
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz

rpm -ql PKG

6.查询包相关文档

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -qd tree
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz

rpm -qd PKG

7.查询包配置文件

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -qc bash
/etc/skel/.bash_logout
/etc/skel/.bash_profile
/etc/skel/.bashrc

rpm -qc PKG

8.查询安装、卸载前后执行的脚本

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -q --scripts bash
postinstall scriptlet (using <lua>):
bashfound = false;
shfound = false;
 
f = io.open("/etc/shells", "r");
if f == nil
then
...

#有四个时间点可以执行脚本程序:包安装前、安装后、卸载前以及卸载后

安装

1.安装rpm程序包,在安装过程，后面的PKG必须是文件路径

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh gcc-   ## 按两次tab键
gcc-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm           gcc-java-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm
gcc-c++-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm       gcc-objc-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm
gcc-gfortran-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm  gcc-objc++-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm
gcc-gnat-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm      
#安装
[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh gcc-4.4.7-17.el6.x86_64.rpm 

#/PATH/TO/PKG为rpm包的路径
rpm -ivh /PATH/TO/PKG

2.在安装过程不执行脚本

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh --noscripts tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64.rpm 
warning: tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:tree                   ########################################### [100%]

rpm -ivh  --noscripts PKG

3.覆盖、替换安装

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh --replacepkgs tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64.rpm 
warning: tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:tree                   ########################################### [100%]
 
rpm -ivh --replacepkgs PKG

在安装过程可能出现以来错误，如A包依赖于B包，那么在A包安装之前，需要先安装好B包

4.详细选项

卸载

1.一般卸载

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -e gcc

rpm -e PKG

2.不执行脚本卸载

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -e --noscripts tree

rpm -e --noscripts PKG

升级

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -Uvh tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64.rpm 

rpm -Uvh PKG
或
rpm -Fvh PKG

-U和-F选项均可以升级一个包.但是，旧包不存在时，-U选项会安装新包，而-F选项不安装新包。