java 对线程安全支持有哪些?

chinaitv 2019-06-29

  1. 同步容器。它的原理是将状态封装起来,并对每个公有方法都实行同步,使得每次只有1个线程能够访问容器的状态。

    • Vector和HashTable
    • Collections.synchronizedXXX方法

同步容器的问题

  1. 这种方式使得对容器的访问都串行化,严重降低了并发性,如果多个线程来竞争容器的锁时,吞吐量严重降低
  2. 对容器的多个方法的复合操作,是线程不安全的,比如一个线程负责删除,另一个线程负责查询,有可能出现越界的异常
  1. 并发容器。java.util.concurrent包里面的一系列实现

    • Concurrent开头系列。以ConcurrentHashMap为例,它的实现原理为分段锁。默认情况下有16个,每个锁守护1/16的散列数据,这样保证了并发量能达到16

分段锁缺陷在于虽然一般情况下只要一个锁,但是遇到需要扩容等类似的事情,只能去获取所有的锁

ConcurrentHashMap一些问题

  1. 需要对整个容器中的内容进行计算的方法,比如size、isEmpty、contains等等。由于并发的存在,在计算的过程中可能已进过期了,它实际上就是个估计值,但是在并发的场景下,需要使用的场景是很少的。
    以ConcurrentHashMap的size方法为例:
/**
    * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.  If the
    * map contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns
    * <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>.
    *
    * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
    */
   public int size() {
       //为了能够算准数量,会算2次,如果两次算的不准,就锁住再算
       final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
       int size;
       boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
       long sum;         // sum of modCounts
       long last = 0L;   // previous sum
       int retries = -1; // 第一轮的计算总数不重试
       try {
           for (;;) {
               if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
               //RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK 默认是2
                   for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                       ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
               }
               sum = 0L;
               size = 0;
               overflow = false;
               for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
                   Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
                   if (seg != null) {
                       sum += seg.modCount;
                       int c = seg.count;
                       if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
                           overflow = true;
                   }
               }
               //第一次计算的时候
               if (sum == last)
                   break; //如果前后两次数数一致,就认为已经算好了
               last = sum;
           }
       } finally {
           if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
               for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                   segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
           }
       }
       return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
   }
  1. 不能提供线程独占的功能
  • CopyOnWrite系列。以CopyOnWriteArrayList为例,只在每次修改的时候,进行加锁控制,修改会创建并重新发布一个新的容器副本,其它时候由于都是事实上不可变的,也就不会出现线程安全问题

    CopyOnWrite的问题

    每次修改都复制底层数组,存在开销,因此使用场景一般是迭代操作远多于修改操作

    CopyOnWriteArrayList的读写示例

    /**
       * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
        *
       * @param e element to be appended to this list
      * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
           final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
          lock.lock();
         try {
            Object[] elements = getArray();
           int len = elements.length;
          Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);
         newElements[len] = e;
        setArray(newElements);
       return true;
    } finally {
      lock.unlock();
    }
    }
           /**
          * {@inheritDoc}
         *
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public E get(int index) {
            return get(getArray(), index);
        }
        /**
       * Gets the array.  Non-private so as to also be accessible
       * from CopyOnWriteArraySet class.
       */
        final Object[] getArray() {
           return array;
        }
        private E get(Object[] a, int index) {
            return (E) a[index];
         }

java中的同步工具类

  1. 阻塞队列,BlockingQueue。它提供了put和take方法,在队列不满足各自条件时将产生阻塞

    BlockingQueue使用示例,生产者-消费者

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
           BlockingQueue queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue(1024);
           Producer producer = new Producer(queue);
           Consumer consumer = new Consumer(queue);
           new Thread(producer).start();
           new Thread(consumer).start();
       }
    }
    public class Producer implements Runnable{
       protected BlockingQueue queue = null;
    
       public Producer(BlockingQueue queue) {
           this.queue = queue;
       }
       
       public void run() {
           try {
               queue.put("1");
               Thread.sleep(1000);
               queue.put("2");
               Thread.sleep(2000);
               queue.put("3");
           } catch (InterruptedException e) {
               e.printStackTrace();
           }
       }
    }
    public class Consumer implements Runnable{
       
       protected BlockingQueue queue = null;
       
       public Consumer(BlockingQueue queue) {
           this.queue = queue;
       }
       
       public void run() {
           try {
               System.out.println(queue.take());
               System.out.println("Wait 1 sec");
               System.out.println(queue.take());
               System.out.println("Wait 2 sec");
               System.out.println(queue.take());
           } catch (InterruptedException e) {
               e.printStackTrace();
           }
       }
    }

    输出为

    1
    Wait 1 sec
    2
    Wait 2 sec
    3
  2. 闭锁

    • CountDownLatch。使多个线程等待一组事件发生,它包含一个计数器,表示需要等待的事件的数量,每发生一个事,就递减一次,当减为0时,所有事情发生,允许“通行”

CountDownLatch示例:

public class TestHarness{
   public long timeTasks(int nThreads,final Runnable task) throws InterruptedException {
   final CountDownLatch startGate = new CountDownLatch(1);
   final CountDownLatch endGate = new CountDownLatch(nThreads);
   for (int i=0;i<nThreads;i++){
       Thread t = new Thread(){
           public void run(){
               try {
                   startGate.await();
                   try {
                       task.run();
                   }finally {
                       endGate.countDown();
                   }
               } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                   e.printStackTrace();
               }
           }
       };
       t.start();
   }
   long start = System.nanoTime();
   startGate.countDown();
   endGate.await();
   long end=System.nanoTime();
   return end-start;
   }
}
启动门使主线程能够同时释放所有的工作线程,结束门使得主线程能够等待最后一个线程执行完
- FutureTask。Future.get的如果任务执行完成,则立即返回,否则将阻塞直到任务完结,再返回结果或者是抛出异常
  1. 信号量,Semaphore 。它管理着一组虚拟的许可,许可的数量可通过构造函数指定,在执行操作时首先获得许可,并在使用后释放许可,如果没有,那么accquire将阻塞直到有许可。

    Semaphore示例

    public class BoundedHashSet<T>{
       private final Set<T> set;
       private final Semaphore sem;
    
       public BoundedHashSet(int bound) {
           this.set = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<T>());
           this.sem = new Semaphore(bound);
       }
       public boolean add(T o) throws InterruptedException {
           sem.acquire();
           boolean wasAdded = false;
           try {
               wasAdded = set.add(o);
              return wasAdded;
           }finally {
               if (!wasAdded){
                   sem.release();
               }
           }
       }
       public boolean remove(Object o){
           boolean wasRemoved = set.remove(o);
           if(wasRemoved){
              sem.release();
           }
           return wasRemoved;
               
       }
    }
  2. 栅栏。它能阻塞一组线程直到某个事件发生。
    与闭锁的区别:

    • 所有线程必须同时到达栅栏位置,才能继续执行。闭锁用于等待事件,而栅栏用于等待其它线程。
    • 闭锁一旦进入终止状态,就不能被重置,它是一次性对象,而栅栏可以重置
    • CyclicBarrier。可以使一定数量的参与方反复地在栅栏位置汇集

CyclicBarrier使用示例

public static void main(String[] args) {
//第k步执行完才能执行第k+1步
       CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3,new StageKPlusOne());
       StageK[] stageKs = new StageK[3];
       for (int i=0;i<3;i++){
           stageKs[i] = new StageK(barrier,"k part "+(i+1));
       }
       for (int i=0;i<3;i++){
           new Thread(stageKs[i]).start();
       }
}    
class StageKPlusOne implements Runnable{
   @Override
   public void run() {
       System.out.println("stage k over");
       System.out.println("stage k+1 start counting");
   }
}
class StageK implements Runnable{
   private CyclicBarrier barrier;
   private String stage;
   
   public StageK(CyclicBarrier barrier, String stage) {
       this.barrier = barrier;
       this.stage = stage;
   }
   
   @Override
   public void run() {
       System.out.println("stage "+stage+" counting...");
       try {
           TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500);
       } catch (InterruptedException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       }
       System.out.println("stage "+stage+" count over");
       try {
           barrier.await();
       } catch (InterruptedException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       }
   }
}

输出为

stage k part 1 counting...
stage k part 3 counting...
stage k part 2 counting...
stage k part 2 count over
stage k part 3 count over
stage k part 1 count over
stage k over
stage k+1 start counting
  • Exchanger。它是一种两方栅栏,各方在栅栏位置交换数据

    Exchanger 使用示例:
    public static void main(String[] args) {
           Exchanger exchanger = new Exchanger();
            ExchangerRunnable er1 = new ExchangerRunnable(exchanger,"1");
            ExchangerRunnable er2 = new ExchangerRunnable(exchanger,"2");
            new Thread(er1).start();
            new Thread(er2).start();
        
        }
        class ExchangerRunnable implements Runnable{
        
        private Exchanger e;
        private Object o;
    
        public ExchangerRunnable(Exchanger e, Object o) {
           this.e = e;
            this.o = o;
    }
       
        @Override
        public void run() {
           Object pre=o;
            try {
                o=e.exchange(o);
                System.out.println("pre:"+pre+" now:"+o);
            } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                e1.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    输出如下

    pre:1 now:2
    pre:2 now:1

附录

案例

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