hgl 2012-12-04
近距离无线通信(NFC)是一种简单的,非触控式的互联技术,可以让消费者简单直观的交换信息,访问内容和服务,在电子消费领域有着广泛的应用。NFC整合非接触式读卡器、非接触式智能卡和点对点(Peer-to-Peer)通信功能,为消费者开创全新便捷生活方式。
1.NFC技术
NFC终端有三种工作模式:
1)主动模式,NFC终端作为一个读卡器,主动发出自己的射频场去识别和读/写别的NFC设备;
2)被动模式,NFC终端可以模拟成一个智能卡被读写,它只能在其它设备发出的射频场中被动响应;
3)双向模式,双方都主动发出射频场来建立点对点的通信。
2.Android NFC架构
android系统为了支持NFC功能,允许应用程序读取标签中的数据,并以NDEF(NFC Data Exchange Format)消息格式进行交互。标签还可以是另外一个设备,即NFC设备工作在卡模拟模式。
NFC软件架构中定义的数据结构:
1)NFC管理器(NFC Manager),提供给应用程序编程接口,作为应用程序访问NFC功能的入口,为了获取NFC适配器实例。
2)NFC适配器(NFC Adapter),提供一切NFC操作,包括NFC设备开关、标签读取、NDEF数据交互、NFC安全访问、点对点通信等。
3)NDEF消息(NDEF Message),是设备和标签之间传递的数据标准封装格式,是由一个或多个NDEF数据记录组成,在应用程序中通过接受ACTION_TAG_DISCOVERED Intent来读取NDEF消息。
4)NDEF记录(NDEF Record),是NDEF数据包的基本组成单元。一个NDEF数据包可以有一个或者多个NDEF记录。
NFC 在android架构中采用Service和Manager基本结构模型,通过Binder和Service通信,如图一所示android基于Binder的IPC的基本模型是基于会话的客户/服务器(C/S)架构的。Android使用内核模块Binder来中转各个进程之间的会话数据,它是一个字符驱动程序,主要通过IOCTL与用户空间的进程交换数据。一次会话是在一个代理Binder对象和服务Binder对象之间进行,可以在同一进程也可以在不同进程。会话是一个同步操作,由代理Binder对象发起请求,一直要等到服务Binder对象将回复传递给代理Binder对象才算完成。
3.NFC Adapter的实现
NFC Adapter主要实现的功能如下:
1)设备初始化以及开关,相关函数方法:
private static synchronized INfcAdapter setupService()
public boolean enable()
public boolean disable()
2)NDEF消息的读写和安全管理链接,相关函数方法:
public void setLocalNdefMessage(NdefMessage message)
public NdefMessage getLocalNdefMessage()
public NdefSecureElement createNdefSecureElementConnection()
3)P2P的后台通信 ,相关函数方法:
public void enableForegroundNdefPush(Activity activity,NdefMessage message)
public void disableForegroundNdefPush(Activity activity)
这些基本函数都是NFC Binder客户端函数,通过Binder IPC调用Service 对应的函数进行通信处理。
4.NFC Server的实现
NFC Service主要实现以下功能:
1)Adapter中的Binder客户端对应Service函数实现,包括INfcTag.Stub,INfcAdapter.Stub等;
2)Service状态管理的消息处理;
3)Java本地接口(JNI)的Native代码的访问接口。
5. NFC HAL实现NFC HAL(Hardware Abstract Layer)层,包括以下功能:
1)底层RF控制;
2)NFC标签读写处理以及标签模拟;
3)点对点通信;
4)同单总线的SIM卡或者其它安全设施通信;
5)对基于Felica,Mifare和ISO14443的RFID标签做兼容处理。
6.标签识别
在标签识别开始前,确认NFC设备使用正常,可获取NDEF设备。NFC HAL探测到有效距离范围内有标签存在,则读取数据,向NFC Service发送标签识别事件,NFC Service 广播NfcAdapter.ACTION_TAG_DISCOVERED Intent消息,应用程序通过接受该消息即可获取标签数据。
7.NFC简单代码实现
import java.nio.charset.Charset; import android.app.Activity; import android.content.Intent; import android.nfc.NdefMessage; import android.nfc.NdefRecord; import android.nfc.NfcAdapter; import android.nfc.NfcAdapter.CreateNdefMessageCallback; import android.nfc.NfcAdapter.OnNdefPushCompleteCallback; import android.nfc.NfcEvent; import android.os.Bundle; import android.os.Handler; import android.os.Message; import android.os.Parcelable; import android.provider.Settings; import android.text.format.Time; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuInflater; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.widget.TextView; import android.widget.Toast; public class BeamActivity extends Activity implements CreateNdefMessageCallback, OnNdefPushCompleteCallback { NfcAdapter mNfcAdapter; TextView mInfoText; private static final int MESSAGE_SENT = 1; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.layout_beam); mInfoText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txtBeam); mNfcAdapter = NfcAdapter.getDefaultAdapter(this); // 实例化NFC设备 if (mNfcAdapter == null) { mInfoText.setText("NFC is not available on this device."); return; } else if (mNfcAdapter != null){ if(!mNfcAdapter.isEnabled()) { mInfoText.setText("请在系统设置中先启用NFC功能!"); return; }else{ Toast.makeText(this, "启动NFC注册成功...", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); mNfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessageCallback(this, this); // 注册NDEF回调消息 mNfcAdapter.setOnNdefPushCompleteCallback(this, this); } } } @Override public NdefMessage createNdefMessage(NfcEvent event) { Time time = new Time(); time.setToNow(); String text = ("Beam me up!nn" + "Beam Time: " + time.format("%H:%M:%S")); NdefMessage msg = new NdefMessage( new NdefRecord[] { createMimeRecord( "application/com.example.android.beam", text.getBytes()) }); return msg; } @Override public void onNdefPushComplete(NfcEvent arg0) { // A handler is needed to send messages to the activity when this // callback occurs, because it happens from a binder thread mHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_SENT).sendToTarget(); } private final Handler mHandler = new Handler() { @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { switch (msg.what) { case MESSAGE_SENT: Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Message sent!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); break; } } }; @Override public void onResume() { super.onResume(); Toast.makeText(this, "等待接受action信息...", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); String action = this.getIntent().getAction(); if (NfcAdapter.ACTION_NDEF_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) { processIntent(getIntent()); } } @Override public void onNewIntent(Intent intent) { // onResume gets called after this to handle the intent setIntent(intent); } /** * * Parses the NDEF Message from the intent and prints to the TextView */ void processIntent(Intent intent) { Parcelable[] rawMsgs = intent.getParcelableArrayExtra( NfcAdapter.EXTRA_NDEF_MESSAGES); // only one message sent during the beam NdefMessage msg = (NdefMessage) rawMsgs[0]; // NDEF:NFC Data Exchange Format,即NFC数据交换格式 // record 0 contains the MIME type, record 1 is the AAR, if present mInfoText.setText(new String(msg.getRecords()[0].getPayload())); } /** * * Creates a custom MIME type encapsulated in an NDEF record * * * * @param mimeType */ public NdefRecord createMimeRecord(String mimeType, byte[] payload) { byte[] mimeBytes = mimeType.getBytes(Charset.forName("US-ASCII")); NdefRecord mimeRecord = new NdefRecord( NdefRecord.TNF_MIME_MEDIA, mimeBytes, new byte[0], payload); return mimeRecord; } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // If NFC is not available, we won't be needing this menu if (mNfcAdapter == null) { return super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu); } // MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater(); // // inflater.inflate(menu.CATEGORY_SYSTEM, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch (item.getItemId()) { // case R.id.menu_settings: case 0: Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_NFCSHARING_SETTINGS); startActivity(intent); return true; default: return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } } }
import java.nio.charset.Charset; import android.app.Activity; import android.content.Intent; import android.nfc.NdefMessage; import android.nfc.NdefRecord; import android.nfc.NfcAdapter; import android.nfc.NfcAdapter.CreateNdefMessageCallback; import android.nfc.NfcAdapter.OnNdefPushCompleteCallback; import android.nfc.NfcEvent; import android.os.Bundle; import android.os.Handler; import android.os.Message; import android.os.Parcelable; import android.provider.Settings; import android.text.format.Time; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuInflater; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.widget.TextView; import android.widget.Toast; public class BeamActivity extends Activity implements CreateNdefMessageCallback, OnNdefPushCompleteCallback { NfcAdapter mNfcAdapter; TextView mInfoText; private static final int MESSAGE_SENT = 1; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.layout_beam); mInfoText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txtBeam); mNfcAdapter = NfcAdapter.getDefaultAdapter(this); // 实例化NFC设备 if (mNfcAdapter == null) { mInfoText.setText("NFC is not available on this device."); return; } else if (mNfcAdapter != null){ if(!mNfcAdapter.isEnabled()) { mInfoText.setText("请在系统设置中先启用NFC功能!"); return; }else{ Toast.makeText(this, "启动NFC注册成功...", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); mNfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessageCallback(this, this); // 注册NDEF回调消息 mNfcAdapter.setOnNdefPushCompleteCallback(this, this); } } } @Override public NdefMessage createNdefMessage(NfcEvent event) { Time time = new Time(); time.setToNow(); String text = ("Beam me up!nn" + "Beam Time: " + time.format("%H:%M:%S")); NdefMessage msg = new NdefMessage( new NdefRecord[] { createMimeRecord( "application/com.example.android.beam", text.getBytes()) }); return msg; } @Override public void onNdefPushComplete(NfcEvent arg0) { // A handler is needed to send messages to the activity when this // callback occurs, because it happens from a binder thread mHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_SENT).sendToTarget(); } private final Handler mHandler = new Handler() { @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { switch (msg.what) { case MESSAGE_SENT: Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Message sent!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); break; } } }; @Override public void onResume() { super.onResume(); Toast.makeText(this, "等待接受action信息...", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); String action = this.getIntent().getAction(); if (NfcAdapter.ACTION_NDEF_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) { processIntent(getIntent()); } } @Override public void onNewIntent(Intent intent) { // onResume gets called after this to handle the intent setIntent(intent); } /** * * Parses the NDEF Message from the intent and prints to the TextView */ void processIntent(Intent intent) { Parcelable[] rawMsgs = intent.getParcelableArrayExtra( NfcAdapter.EXTRA_NDEF_MESSAGES); // only one message sent during the beam NdefMessage msg = (NdefMessage) rawMsgs[0]; // NDEF:NFC Data Exchange Format,即NFC数据交换格式 // record 0 contains the MIME type, record 1 is the AAR, if present mInfoText.setText(new String(msg.getRecords()[0].getPayload())); } /** * * Creates a custom MIME type encapsulated in an NDEF record * * * * @param mimeType */ public NdefRecord createMimeRecord(String mimeType, byte[] payload) { byte[] mimeBytes = mimeType.getBytes(Charset.forName("US-ASCII")); NdefRecord mimeRecord = new NdefRecord( NdefRecord.TNF_MIME_MEDIA, mimeBytes, new byte[0], payload); return mimeRecord; } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // If NFC is not available, we won't be needing this menu if (mNfcAdapter == null) { return super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu); } // MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater(); // // inflater.inflate(menu.CATEGORY_SYSTEM, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch (item.getItemId()) { // case R.id.menu_settings: case 0: Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_NFCSHARING_SETTINGS); startActivity(intent); return true; default: return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } } }
Manifest文件的权限配置:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NFC" /> <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.nfc" android:required="true" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NFC" /> <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.nfc" android:required="true" />