王志龙 2020-06-14
lamp,是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件,除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序,但是因为经常被放在一起使用,拥有了越来越高的兼容度,共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。
LAMP指的是Linux(操作系统)、Apache(HTTP服务器)、MySQL(也指MariaDB,数据库软件)和PHP(有时也是指Perl或Python)的第一个字母,一般用来建立web应用平台。
web服务器的资源分为两种,静态资源和动态资源
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢?下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
如上图所示
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器(即apache)和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信,且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系,但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI,下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI
CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口),CGI是外部应用程序(CGI程序)与WEB服务器之间的接口标准,是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序,并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器,CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体
FastCGI(Fast Common Gateway Interface)是CGI的改良版,CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求,耗时且耗资源,而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求,即启动一个master主进程,然后根据配置启动几个worker进程,当请求进来时,master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求,这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种:
较于CGI方式,FastCGI更为常用,很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源
通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程:
安装次序:
httpd --> mysql --> php
#安装开发环境 [ ~]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools" #下载必要的插件 [ ~]# yum install -y opensll-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool #下载依赖和httpd [ ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2 [ ~]# #创建apache用户和组(由于创建用户时顺便创建了组) [ ~]# useradd -r apache [ ~]# id apache uid=997(apache) gid=995(apache) groups=995(apache) [ ~]# #解压 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz、apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2、httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2 [ ~]# tar -xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz [ ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2 [ ~]# tar -xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 [ ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2 [ ~]# tar -xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2 [ ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 httpd-2.4.38 httpd-2.4.38.tar.bz2 [ ~]# #进入apr-1.6.5进行编译安装 [ ~]# cd apr-1.6.5 [ apr-1.6.5]# vim configure cfgfile=${ofile}T trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15 # $RM "$cfgfile" (添加注释或者删除) [ apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr [ apr-1.6.5]# make && make install #进入apr-util-1.6.1 目录 [ apr-1.6.5]# cd .. [ ~]# cd apr-util-1.6.1 [ apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr/ [ apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install #进入httpd,并且编译 [ ~]# cd httpd-2.4.38 [ httpd-2.4.37]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 --enable-so --enable-ssl --enable-cgi --enable-rewrite --with-zlib --with-pcre --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ --enable-modules=most --enable-mpms-shared=all --with-mpm=prefork [ httpd-2.4.38]# make && make install #后续操作 [ ~]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh [ ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh [ ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd [ ~]# sed -i ‘/#ServerName/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf [ ~]# apachectl start httpd (pid 56851) already running [ ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 32 :::21 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::22
-glibc2.12-x86_64 src games lib64 sbin #创建软链接 [ local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql ‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’ [ local]# [ local]# ll total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 games drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 include drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 lib drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 libexec lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 Apr 26 09:23 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 Apr 26 09:23 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Apr 17 14:55 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 src [ local]# [ local]# groupadd -r mysql [ local]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql [ local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql [ local]# echo "export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin/:$PATH" > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [ local]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh #数据库主目录 [ local]# mkdir /opt/data #改属组属主 [ local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/ #初始化数据 [ local]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/ 2020-04-26T13:28:47.194209Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2020-04-26T13:28:47.739448Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2020-04-26T13:28:47.878674Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2020-04-26T13:28:48.064606Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: dc2dc2c2-87c1-11ea-b320-000c29361d6b. 2020-04-26T13:28:48.065569Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened. 2020-04-26T13:28:48.066537Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for : ,8wypuC8Swht #密码 [ local]# cd [ ~]# echo ",8wypuC8Swht" > passwd.txt [ ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg passwd.txt #创建mysql的配置文件 [ ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [ ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve [ ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [ ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld [ ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld [ ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! [ ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:22 LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 LISTEN 0 128 :::22 LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 #mysql端口号 [ ~]# mysql -uroot -p,8wypuC8Swht mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.22 Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input #修改密码 mysql> set password = password ("123");
#配置yum [~]# yum -y install epel-release [ ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm #安装依赖 [ ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel libpcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72w-mysqlnd #安装php [ ~]# cd /usr/src/ [ src]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz [ src]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz [ src]# cd php-7.2.8 [ php-7.2.8]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7 --with-config-file-path=/etc --enable-fpm --enable-inline-optimization --disable-debug --disable-rpath --enable-shared --enable-soap --with-openssl --enable-bcmath --with-iconv --with-bz2 --enable-calendar --with-curl --enable-exif --enable-ftp --with-gd --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-gettext --enable-json --enable-mbstring --enable-pdo --with-mysqli=mysqlnd --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd --with-readline --enable-shmop --enable-simplexml --enable-sockets --enable-zip --enable-mysqlnd-compression-support --with-pear --enable-pcntl --enable-posix [ php-7.2.8]# make -j $(cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep processor|wc -l) [ php-7.2.8]# make install #配置php [ php-7.2.8]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh [ php-7.2.8]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh [ php-7.2.8]# php -v PHP 7.2.8 (cli) (built: Feb 20 2019 16:45:01) ( NTS ) Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies [ php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini -f [ php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm -f [ php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm [ php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf -f [ php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf -f #编辑php-fpm配置文件 [ php-7.2.8]# cat >> /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf << EOF pm.max_children = 50 pm.start_servers = 5 pm.min_spare_servers = 2 pm.max_spare_servers = 8 #启动php-fpm [ php-7.2.8]# service php-fpm start Starting php-fpm done [ php-7.2.8]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
启用代理模块
在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现,此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so,它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展,因此,这两个模块都要加载,编辑httpd.conf文件,取消以下两行内容的注释:
#启用httpd的相关模块 [ ~]# sed -i ‘/proxy_module/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf [ ~]# sed -i ‘/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.c onf
配置虚拟主机
在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行:
#关闭正向代理 ProxyRequests Off ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$
如:
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/html/idfsoft.com/$1
以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程,php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI,所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数,其它参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装,不需要手动指定。
注意:这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录,这里需要改成你编译安装指定的网页存放路径,请勿直接复制我这里的路径
这里的idfsoft.com是域名,你需要改成你所使用的域名,请勿直接复制此处的域名
这里的$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求
[ ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com [ ~]# cat > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com/index.php <<EOF <?php phpinfo(); ?> EOF [ ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ [ ~]# cat >> /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf <<EOF #在末尾添加类似如下内容 <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com" ServerName www.LegendofZelda.com ProxyRequests Off ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com/$1 <Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/The_Legend_of_Zelda.com"> Options none AllowOverride none Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost> EOF #然后搜索/AddType 在 AddType application/x-compress .Z AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz 后面添加如下内容: AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps [ ~]# sed -i ‘/ DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf #重启apache [ ~]# apachectl stop [ ~]# apachectl start [ ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* #关闭防火墙 [ ~]# systemctl stop firewalld [ ~]# systemctl disable firewalld Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service. Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
用IP或域名登录,看到以下界面代表部署成功
全文使用的环境如题,主机使用的是腾讯云主机。内容应该会是linux和apache这些所有部分都有一点,因为是遇见一个问题就记录一个。 尝试清除浏览器缓存/换一个浏览器验证/重启服务器的apache服务