mysql—表的完整性约束

阅读目录

概览

为了防止不符合规范的数据进入数据库，在用户对数据进行插入、修改、删除等操作时，DBMS自动按照一定的约束条件对数据进行监测，使不符合规范的数据不能进入数据库，以确保数据库中存储的数据正确、有效、相容。 

约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样，都是可选参数，主要分为以下几种：

# NOT NULL ：非空约束，指定某列不能为空； 
# UNIQUE : 唯一约束，指定某列或者几列组合不能重复
# PRIMARY KEY ：主键，指定该列的值可以唯一地标识该列记录
# FOREIGN KEY ：外键，指定该行记录从属于主表中的一条记录，主要用于参照完整性

NOT NULL

是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空 

mysql> create table t12 (id int not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from t12;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc t12;+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
不能向id列插入空元素。
mysql> insert into t12 values (null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column ‘id‘ cannot be null
mysql> insert into t12 values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

not null示例

DEFAULT

我们约束某一列不为空，如果这一列中经常有重复的内容，就需要我们频繁的插入，这样会给我们的操作带来新的负担，于是就出现了默认值的概念。

默认值，创建列时可以指定默认值，当插入数据时如果未主动设置，则自动添加默认值

mysql> create table t13 (id1 int not null,id2 int not null default 222);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc t13;+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id1   | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       || id2   | int(11) | NO   |     | 222     |       |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
只向id1字段添加值，会发现id2字段会使用默认值填充
mysql> insert into t13 (id1) values (111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t13;+-----+-----+| id1 | id2 |+-----+-----+| 111 | 222 |+-----+-----+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
id1字段不能为空，所以不能单独向id2字段填充值；
mysql> insert into t13 (id2) values (223);
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field ‘id1‘ doesn‘t have a default value
向id1，id2中分别填充数据，id2的填充数据会覆盖默认值
mysql> insert into t13 (id1,id2) values (112,223);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
| 112 | 223 |
+-----+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

not null + default 示例

设置严格模式：
    不支持对not null字段插入null值
    不支持对自增长字段插入”值
    不支持text字段有默认值
直接在mysql中生效(重启失效):
mysql>set sql_mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION";
配置文件添加(永久失效)：
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"

not null不生效

UNIQUE

唯一约束，指定某列或者几列组合不能重复

方法一：
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);
方法二：create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),unique(name)
);
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技术‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技术‘);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘IT‘ for key ‘name‘

unique示例

mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> desc t1;+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

not null 和unique的结合

create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
);
mysql> insert into service values-> (1,‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80),-> (2,‘haproxy‘,‘192.168.0.20‘,80),-> (3,‘mysql‘,‘192.168.0.30‘,3306)-> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values(‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘192.168.0.10-80‘ for key ‘host‘

联合唯一

PRIMARY KEY

主键为了保证表中的每一条数据的该字段都是表格中的唯一值。换言之，它是用来独一无二地确认一个表格中的每一行数据。
主键可以包含一个字段或多个字段。当主键包含多个栏位时，称为组合键 (Composite Key),也可以叫联合主键。
主键可以在建置新表格时设定 (运用 CREATE TABLE 语句)，或是以改变现有的表格架构方式设定 (运用 ALTER TABLE)。
主键必须唯一，主键值非空；可以是单一字段，也可以是多字段组合。

1.单字段主键

============单列做主键===============
#方法一：not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);
mysql> desc department1;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       || comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);
mysql> desc department2;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       || comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
方法三：在所有字段后单独定义primary key

create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name
mysql> desc department3;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       || comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
方法四：给已经建成的表添加主键约束
mysql> create table department4(-> id int,-> name varchar(20),-> comment varchar(100));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc department4;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       || comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> alter table department4 modify id int primary key;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> desc department4;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       || comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

单字段主键

2.多字段主键

==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);
mysql> desc service;+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       || service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into service values-> (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘mysqld‘),-> (‘172.16.45.11‘,‘3306‘,‘mariadb‘)-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into service values (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘nginx‘);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘172.16.45.10-3306‘ for key ‘PRIMARY‘

多字段主键

AUTO_INCREMENT

约束字段为自动增长，被约束的字段必须同时被key约束

#不指定id，则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
);
mysql> desc student;+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment || name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                || sex   | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | YES  |     | male    |                |+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values-> (‘egon‘),-> (‘alex‘)-> ;
mysql> select * from student;+----+------+------+| id | name | sex  |+----+------+------+|  1 | egon | male ||  2 | alex | male |+----+------+------+
也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,‘asb‘,‘female‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student values(7,‘wsb‘,‘female‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;+----+------+--------+| id | name | sex    |+----+------+--------+|  1 | egon | male   ||  2 | alex | male   ||  4 | asb  | female ||  7 | wsb  | female |+----+------+--------+
对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘ysb‘);
mysql> select * from student;+----+------+------+| id | name | sex  |+----+------+------+|  8 | ysb  | male |+----+------+------+
应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;+----+------+------+| id | name | sex  |+----+------+------+|  1 | egon | male |+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

设置auto_increment

了解知识

#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
    -> );
mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;
mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;+----+------+------+| id | name | sex  |+----+------+------+|  3 | egon | male |+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
)auto_increment=3;
设置步长
sqlserver：自增步长
基于表级别create table t1（
id int。。。
）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8
mysql自增的步长：
show session variables like ‘auto_inc%‘;
#基于会话级别
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">set</span> session auth_increment_increment<span style="color: #808080;">=</span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;"> #修改会话级别的步长

#基于全局级别的
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">set</span> global auth_increment_increment<span style="color: #808080;">=</span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;"> #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效）

！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ，这相当于第一步步子就迈大了，扯着了蛋
比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2
mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like ‘auto_incre%‘; #需要退出重新登录+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name            | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 1     || auto_increment_offset    | 1     |+--------------------------+-------+
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
);
mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon1‘),(‘egon2‘),(‘egon3‘);
mysql> select * from student;+----+-------+------+| id | name  | sex  |+----+-------+------+|  3 | egon1 | male ||  8 | egon2 | male || 13 | egon3 | male |+----+-------+------+
步长:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset

offset偏移量

FOREIKEY

多表 ：

假设我们要描述所有公司的员工，需要描述的属性有这些 ： 工号 姓名 部门

公司有3个部门，但是有1个亿的员工，那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储，部门名字越长，越浪费

解决方法： 我们完全可以定义一个部门表 然后让员工信息表关联该表，如何关联，即foreign key

mysql> create table departments (dep_id int(4),dep_name varchar(11));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> desc departments;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       || dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
创建外键不成功
mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key 
设置dep_id非空，仍然不能成功创建外键
mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> desc departments;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| dep_id   | int(4)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       || dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint
当设置字段为unique唯一字段时，设置该字段为外键成功
mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) unique;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> desc departments;                                                                                                       +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       || dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

创造外键的条件

#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另外一个表的字段，必须保证唯一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;
dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,foreign key(dpt_id)references department(id)on delete cascade  # 级连删除on update cascade # 级连更新
)engine=innodb;
先往父表department中插入记录
insert into department values
(1,‘教质部‘),
(2,‘技术部‘),
(3,‘人力资源部‘);
再往子表employee中插入记录
insert into employee values
(1,‘yuan‘,1),
(2,‘nezha‘,2),
(3,‘egon‘,2),
(4,‘alex‘,2),
(5,‘wusir‘,3),
(6,‘李沁洋‘,3),
(7,‘皮卡丘‘,3),
(8,‘程咬金‘,3),
(9,‘程咬银‘,3)
;
删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
mysql> delete from department where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from employee;+----+-----------+--------+| id | name      | dpt_id |+----+-----------+--------+|  1 | yuan      |      1 ||  5 | wusir     |      3 ||  6 | 李沁洋    |      3 ||  7 | 皮卡丘    |      3 ||  8 | 程咬金    |      3 ||  9 | 程咬银    |      3 |+----+-----------+--------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
mysql> update department set id=2 where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from employee;+----+-----------+--------+| id | name      | dpt_id |+----+-----------+--------+|  1 | yuan      |      1 ||  5 | wusir     |      2 ||  6 | 李沁洋    |      2 ||  7 | 皮卡丘    |      2 ||  8 | 程咬金    |      2 ||  9 | 程咬银    |      2 |+----+-----------+--------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

外键操作示例

. cascade方式
在父表上update/delete记录时，同步update/delete掉子表的匹配记录 
. set null方式
在父表上update/delete记录时，将子表上匹配记录的列设为null
要注意子表的外键列不能为not null
. No action方式
如果子表中有匹配的记录,则不允许对父表对应候选键进行update/delete操作
. Restrict方式
同no action, 都是立即检查外键约束
. Set default方式
父表有变更时,子表将外键列设置成一个默认的值 但Innodb不能识别

on delete(了解)