xcolin 2020-01-03
本文将介绍如何在.NET Core3环境下使用MVVM框架Prism的命令的用法
我们在上一篇.NET Core 3 WPF MVVM框架 Prism系列之数据绑定中知道prism实现数据绑定的方式,我们按照标准的写法来实现,我们分别创建Views文件夹和ViewModels文件夹,将MainWindow放在Views文件夹下,再在ViewModels文件夹下面创建MainWindowViewModel类,如下:
xaml代码如下:
<Window x:Class="CommandSample.Views.MainWindow" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:prism="http://prismlibrary.com/" xmlns:i="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/2010/interactivity" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" xmlns:local="clr-namespace:CommandSample" mc:Ignorable="d" Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="450" prism:ViewModelLocator.AutoWireViewModel="True"> <StackPanel > <TextBox Margin="10" Text="{Binding CurrentTime}" FontSize="32" /> <Button x:Name="mybtn" FontSize="30" Content="Click Me" Margin="10" Height="60" Command="{Binding GetCurrentTimeCommand}"/> <Viewbox Height="80" > <CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding IsCanExcute}" Content="CanExcute" Margin="10" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" /> </Viewbox> </StackPanel> </Window>
MainWindowViewModel类代码如下:
using Prism.Commands; using Prism.Mvvm; using System; using System.Windows.Controls; namespace CommandSample.ViewModels { public class MainWindowViewModel: BindableBase { private bool _isCanExcute; public bool IsCanExcute { get { return _isCanExcute; } set { SetProperty(ref _isCanExcute, value); GetCurrentTimeCommand.RaiseCanExecuteChanged(); } } private string _currentTime; public string CurrentTime { get { return _currentTime; } set { SetProperty(ref _currentTime, value); } } private DelegateCommand _getCurrentTimeCommand; public DelegateCommand GetCurrentTimeCommand => _getCurrentTimeCommand ?? (_getCurrentTimeCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand, CanExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand)); void ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand() { this.CurrentTime = DateTime.Now.ToString(); } bool CanExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand() { return IsCanExcute; } } }
运行效果如下:
在代码中,我们通过using Prism.Mvvm引入继承BindableBase,因为我们要用到属性改变通知方法SetProperty,这在我们上一篇就知道了,再来我们using Prism.Commands,我们所定义的DelegateCommand类型就在该命名空间下,我们知道,ICommand接口是有三个函数成员的,事件CanExecuteChanged,一个返回值bool的,且带一个参数为object的CanExecute方法,一个无返回值且带一个参数为object的Execute方法,很明显我们实现的GetCurrentTimeCommand命令就是一个不带参数的命令
还有一个值得注意的是,我们通过Checkbox的IsChecked绑定了一个bool属性IsCanExcute,且在CanExecute方法中return IsCanExcute,我们都知道CanExecute控制着Execute方法的是否能够执行,也控制着Button的IsEnable状态,而在IsCanExcute的set方法我们增加了一句:
GetCurrentTimeCommand.RaiseCanExecuteChanged();
其实通过prism源码我们可以知道RaiseCanExecuteChanged方法就是内部调用ICommand接口下的CanExecuteChanged事件去调用CanExecute方法
public void RaiseCanExecuteChanged() { OnCanExecuteChanged(); } protected virtual void OnCanExecuteChanged() { EventHandler handler = this.CanExecuteChanged; if (handler != null) { if (_synchronizationContext != null && _synchronizationContext != SynchronizationContext.Current) { _synchronizationContext.Post(delegate { handler(this, EventArgs.Empty); }, null); } else { handler(this, EventArgs.Empty); } } }
其实上述prism还提供了一个更简洁优雅的写法:
private bool _isCanExcute; public bool IsCanExcute { get { return _isCanExcute; } set { SetProperty(ref _isCanExcute, value);} } private DelegateCommand _getCurrentTimeCommand; public DelegateCommand GetCurrentTimeCommand => _getCurrentTimeCommand ?? (_getCurrentTimeCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand).ObservesCanExecute(()=> IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand() { this.CurrentTime = DateTime.Now.ToString(); }
其中用了ObservesCanExecute方法,其实在该方法内部中也是会去调用RaiseCanExecuteChanged方法
我们通过上面代码我们可以会引出两个问题:
如何创建带参数的DelegateCommand?
假如控件不包含依赖属性Command,我们要用到该控件的事件,如何转为命令?
在创建带参的命令之前,我们可以来看看DelegateCommand的继承链和暴露出来的公共方法,详细的实现可以去看下源码
那么,其实已经很明显了,我们之前创建DelegateCommand不是泛型版本,当创建一个泛型版本的DelegateCommand<T>,那么T就是我们要传入的命令参数的类型,那么,我们现在可以把触发命令的Button本身作为命令参数传入
xaml代码如下:
<Button x:Name="mybtn" FontSize="30" Content="Click Me" Margin="10" Height="60" Command="{Binding GetCurrentTimeCommand}" CommandParameter="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Mode=Self}}"/>
GetCurrentTimeCommand命令代码改为如下:
private DelegateCommand<object> _getCurrentTimeCommand; public DelegateCommand<object> GetCurrentTimeCommand => _getCurrentTimeCommand ?? (_getCurrentTimeCommand = new DelegateCommand<object>(ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand).ObservesCanExecute(()=> IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand(object parameter) { this.CurrentTime =((Button)parameter)?.Name+ DateTime.Now.ToString(); }
我们来看看执行效果:
在我们大多数拥有Command依赖属性的控件,大多数是由于继承了ICommandSource接口,ICommandSource接口拥有着三个函数成员ICommand接口类型属性Command,object 类型属性CommandParameter,IInputElement 类型属性CommandTarget,而基本继承着ICommandSource接口这两个基础类的就是ButtonBase和MenuItem,因此像Button,Checkbox,RadioButton等继承自ButtonBase拥有着Command依赖属性,而MenuItem也同理。但是我们常用的Textbox那些就没有。
现在我们有这种需求,我们要在这个界面基础上新增第二个Textbox,当Textbox的文本变化时,需要将按钮的Name和第二个Textbox的文本字符串合并更新到第一个Textbox上,我们第一直觉肯定会想到用Textbox的TextChanged事件,那么如何将TextChanged转为命令?
首先我们在xmal界面引入:
xmlns:i="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/2010/interactivity"
该程序集 System.Windows.Interactivity dll是在 Expression Blend SDK中的,而Prism的包也也将其引入包含在内了,因此我们可以直接引入,然后我们新增第二个Textbox的代码:
<TextBox Margin="10" FontSize="32" Text="{Binding Foo,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}"> <i:Interaction.Triggers> <i:EventTrigger EventName="TextChanged"> <i:InvokeCommandAction Command="{Binding TextChangedCommand}" CommandParameter="{Binding ElementName=mybtn}"/> </i:EventTrigger> </i:Interaction.Triggers> </TextBox>
MainWindowViewModel新增代码:
private string _foo; public string Foo { get { return _foo; } set { SetProperty(ref _foo, value); } } private DelegateCommand<object> _textChangedCommand; public DelegateCommand<object> TextChangedCommand => _textChangedCommand ?? (_textChangedCommand = new DelegateCommand<object>(ExecuteTextChangedCommand)); void ExecuteTextChangedCommand(object parameter) { this.CurrentTime = Foo + ((Button)parameter)?.Name; }
执行效果如下:
上面我们在xaml代码就是添加了对TextBox的TextChanged事件的Blend EventTrigger的侦听,每当触发该事件,InvokeCommandAction就会去调用TextChangedCommand命令
我们知道,TextChanged事件是有个RoutedEventArgs参数TextChangedEventArgs,假如我们要拿到该TextChangedEventArgs或者是RoutedEventArgs参数里面的属性,那么该怎么拿到,我们使用System.Windows.Interactivity的NameSpace下的InvokeCommandAction是不能做到的,这时候我们要用到prism自带的InvokeCommandAction的TriggerParameterPath属性,我们现在有个要求,我们要在第一个TextBox,显示我们第二个TextBox输入的字符串加上触发该事件的控件的名字,那么我们可以用到其父类RoutedEventArgs的Soucre属性,而激发该事件的控件就是第二个TextBox
xaml代码修改如下:
<TextBox x:Name="myTextBox" Margin="10" FontSize="32" Text="{Binding Foo,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" TextChanged="TextBox_TextChanged"> <i:Interaction.Triggers> <i:EventTrigger EventName="TextChanged"> <prism:InvokeCommandAction Command="{Binding TextChangedCommand}" TriggerParameterPath="Source"/> </i:EventTrigger> </i:Interaction.Triggers> </TextBox>
MainWindowViewModel修改如下:
void ExecuteTextChangedCommand(object parameter) { this.CurrentTime = Foo + ((TextBox)parameter)?.Name; }
实现效果:
还有一个很有趣的现象,假如上述xaml代码将TriggerParameterPath去掉,我们其实拿到的是TextChangedEventArgs
首先我们在界面新增一个新的按钮,用来绑定新的基于Task的命令,我们将要做的就是点击该按钮后,第一个Textbox的在5秒后显示"Hello Prism!",且期间UI界面不阻塞
xaml界面新增按钮代码如下:
<Button x:Name="mybtn1" FontSize="30" Content="Click Me 1" Margin="10" Height="60" Command="{Binding AsyncCommand}" />
MainWindowViewModel新增代码:
private DelegateCommand _asyncCommand; public DelegateCommand AsyncCommand => _asyncCommand ?? (_asyncCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteAsyncCommand)); async void ExecuteAsyncCommand() { await ExampleMethodAsync(); } async Task ExampleMethodAsync() { await Task.Run(()=> { Thread.Sleep(5000); this.CurrentTime = "Hello Prism!"; } ); }
也可以更简洁的写法:
private DelegateCommand _asyncCommand; public DelegateCommand AsyncCommand => _asyncCommand ?? (_asyncCommand = new DelegateCommand( async()=>await ExecuteAsyncCommand())); Task ExecuteAsyncCommand() { return Task.Run(() => { Thread.Sleep(5000); this.CurrentTime = "Hello Prism!"; }); }
直接看效果:
prism提供CompositeCommand类支持复合命令,什么是复合命令,我们可能有这种场景,一个主界面的不同子窗体都有其各自的业务,假如我们可以将上面的例子稍微改下,我们分为三个不同子窗体,三个分别来显示当前年份,月日,时分秒,我们希望在主窗体提供一个按钮,点击后能够使其同时显示,这时候就有一种关系存在了,主窗体按钮依赖于三个子窗体的按钮,而子窗体的按钮不依赖于主窗体的按钮
下面是创建和使用一个prism标准复合命令的流程:
创建一个全局的复合命令
通过IOC容器注册其为单例
给复合命令注册子命令
绑定复合命令
首先,我们创建一个类库项目,新增ApplicationCommands类作为全局命令类,代码如下:
public interface IApplicationCommands { CompositeCommand GetCurrentAllTimeCommand { get; } } public class ApplicationCommands : IApplicationCommands { private CompositeCommand _getCurrentAllTimeCommand = new CompositeCommand(); public CompositeCommand GetCurrentAllTimeCommand { get { return _getCurrentAllTimeCommand; } } }
其中我们创建了IApplicationCommands接口,让ApplicationCommands实现了该接口,目的是为了下一步通过IOC容器注册其为全局的单例接口
我们创建一个新的项目作为主窗体,用来显示子窗体和使用复合命令,关键部分代码如下:
App.cs代码:
using Prism.Unity; using Prism.Ioc; using System.Windows; using CompositeCommandsSample.Views; using Prism.Modularity; using CompositeCommandsCore; namespace CompositeCommandsSample { public partial class App : PrismApplication { protected override Window CreateShell() { return Container.Resolve<MainWindow>(); } //通过IOC容器注册IApplicationCommands为单例 protected override void RegisterTypes(IContainerRegistry containerRegistry) { containerRegistry.RegisterSingleton<IApplicationCommands, ApplicationCommands>(); } //注册子窗体模块 protected override void ConfigureModuleCatalog(IModuleCatalog moduleCatalog) { moduleCatalog.AddModule<CommandSample.CommandSampleMoudle>(); } } }
我们在之前的CommandSample解决方案下面的Views文件夹下新增两个UserControl,分别用来显示月日和时分秒,在其ViewModels文件夹下面新增两个UserControl的ViewModel,并且将之前的MainWindow也改为UserControl,大致结构如下图:
关键部分代码:
GetHourTabViewModel.cs:
IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public GetHourTabViewModel(IApplicationCommands applicationCommands) { _applicationCommands = applicationCommands; //给复合命令GetCurrentAllTimeCommand注册子命令GetHourCommand _applicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand.RegisterCommand(GetHourCommand); } private DelegateCommand _getHourCommand; public DelegateCommand GetHourCommand => _getHourCommand ?? (_getHourCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetHourCommand).ObservesCanExecute(() => IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetHourCommand() { this.CurrentHour = DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss"); }
GetMonthDayTabViewModel.cs:
IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public GetMonthDayTabViewModel(IApplicationCommands applicationCommands) { _applicationCommands = applicationCommands; //给复合命令GetCurrentAllTimeCommand注册子命令GetMonthCommand _applicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand.RegisterCommand(GetMonthCommand); } private DelegateCommand _getMonthCommand; public DelegateCommand GetMonthCommand => _getMonthCommand ?? (_getMonthCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteCommandName).ObservesCanExecute(()=>IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteCommandName() { this.CurrentMonthDay = DateTime.Now.ToString("MM:dd"); }
MainWindowViewModel.cs:
IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public MainWindowViewModel(IApplicationCommands applicationCommands) { _applicationCommands = applicationCommands; //给复合命令GetCurrentAllTimeCommand注册子命令GetYearCommand _applicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand.RegisterCommand(GetYearCommand); } private DelegateCommand _getYearCommand; public DelegateCommand GetYearCommand => _getYearCommand ?? (_getYearCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetYearCommand).ObservesCanExecute(()=> IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetYearCommand() { this.CurrentTime =DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy"); }
CommandSampleMoudle.cs:
using CommandSample.ViewModels; using CommandSample.Views; using Prism.Ioc; using Prism.Modularity; using Prism.Regions; namespace CommandSample { public class CommandSampleMoudle : IModule { public void OnInitialized(IContainerProvider containerProvider) { var regionManager = containerProvider.Resolve<IRegionManager>(); IRegion region= regionManager.Regions["ContentRegion"]; var mainWindow = containerProvider.Resolve<MainWindow>(); (mainWindow.DataContext as MainWindowViewModel).Title = "GetYearTab"; region.Add(mainWindow); var getMonthTab = containerProvider.Resolve<GetMonthDayTab>(); (getMonthTab.DataContext as GetMonthDayTabViewModel).Title = "GetMonthDayTab"; region.Add(getMonthTab); var getHourTab = containerProvider.Resolve<GetHourTab>(); (getHourTab.DataContext as GetHourTabViewModel).Title = "GetHourTab"; region.Add(getHourTab); } public void RegisterTypes(IContainerRegistry containerRegistry) { } } }
主窗体xaml代码:
<Window x:Class="CompositeCommandsSample.Views.MainWindow" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" xmlns:prism="http://prismlibrary.com/" xmlns:local="clr-namespace:CompositeCommandsSample" mc:Ignorable="d" prism:ViewModelLocator.AutoWireViewModel="True" Title="MainWindow" Height="650" Width="800"> <Window.Resources> <Style TargetType="TabItem"> <Setter Property="Header" Value="{Binding DataContext.Title}"/> </Style> </Window.Resources> <Grid> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="auto"/> <RowDefinition Height="*"/> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <Button Content="GetCurrentTime" FontSize="30" Margin="10" Command="{Binding ApplicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand}"/> <TabControl Grid.Row="1" prism:RegionManager.RegionName="ContentRegion"/> </Grid> </Window>
MainWindowViewModel.cs:
using CompositeCommandsCore; using Prism.Mvvm; namespace CompositeCommandsSample.ViewModels { public class MainWindowViewModel:BindableBase { private IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public IApplicationCommands ApplicationCommands { get { return _applicationCommands; } set { SetProperty(ref _applicationCommands, value); } } public MainWindowViewModel(IApplicationCommands applicationCommands) { this.ApplicationCommands = applicationCommands; } } }
最后看看实际的效果如何:
最后,其中复合命令也验证我们一开始说的关系,复合命令依赖于子命令,但子命令不依赖于复合命令,因此,只有当三个子命令的都为可执行的时候才能执行复合命令,其中用到的prism模块化的知识,我们下一篇会仔细探讨
<ListBox Name="sideMenu" SelectedIndex="{Binding MenuSelectedIndex}" ItemsSource="{Binding MenuList}