嗡汤圆 2020-05-05
这道题和我在面试阿里云时遇到的算法题很相似。本题是解析嵌套的整数,当时的题是解析嵌套的HashMap
懒得说题目细节了,直接把LeetCode原文抄过来。
Given a nested list of integers represented as a string, implement a parser to deserialize it.
Each element is either an integer, or a list -- whose elements may also be integers or other lists.
Note: You may assume that the string is well-formed:
String is non-empty.
String does not contain white spaces.
String contains only digits 0-9, [, - ,, ].
Example 1: Given s = "324", You should return a NestedInteger object which contains a single integer 324. Example 2: Given s = "[123,[456,[789]]]", Return a NestedInteger object containing a nested list with 2 elements: 1. An integer containing value 123. 2. A nested list containing two elements: i. An integer containing value 456. ii. A nested list with one element: a. An integer containing value 789.
这道题两个做法,一个是递归,另一个非递归。很明显了,使用非递归的话肯定会用到栈。
算法方面其实没啥好说的,就是递归思想的实际使用。
非递归使用栈
以一个输入为例:输入为[123,[456,[789]],211,985]
那么我们最后得到的NestedInteger应该包含三个整数,分别为123,211和985,同时还有一个子NestedInteger,该对象内有一个整数456,和一个孙子NestedInteger,孙子NestedInteger内包含一个整数为789。
分析这个输入:
[
,就说明我们开始遇到一个NestedInteger,
,说明此处可能是数字的中断,也可能是NestedInteger的中断,但是有一点可以确认:,
之后一定是新“过程”的开始]
,说明这是一个NestedInteger的结束首先使用stack非递归来做。很明显,stack中保存的元素应该为NestedInteger,以上述输入为例,stack中元素从栈底到栈顶元素应该依次为:[123,211,985],[456],[789]
。栈中靠下的元素应该包含之上的元素。
所以我们很明显会需要一个过程:
NestedInteger ni; while(!stk.empty()){ ni = stk.top(); stk.pop(); stk.top().add(ni); }
这样的到的最后的ni就是结果。
但是我们会发现,我们很难按照上述方式构造栈!因为当我们遇到第二个[
时,需要把123压栈,当我们遇到第三个[
时,需要把456压栈,而当我们遇到211时,211实际上是最外层Integer的元素,而此时该Integer已经被压入栈底。
所以这给了我们一个提示,即我们需要用栈顶元素来保存当前应该插入的NestedInteger。比如:当我们遇到123时,栈顶元素应为一个[]
,当我们遇到456时,栈顶元素应该为[]
,当我们遇到789时,栈顶元素应该为[456]
,当我们遇到211时,栈顶元素应该为[123,[456,[789]]]
集合之前的输入分析,可以得出:
[
时,我们需要往栈中压入一个空NestedInteger,
时,我们需要往栈顶元素中add一个整数]
时,说明一个NestedInteger结束,需要将该NestedInteger添加到它的父NestedInteger中,实现如下:NestedInteger ni = stk.top(); if(!stk.empty()) stk.top().add(ni); else stk.push(ni);
最终代码实现如下:
/** * // This is the interface that allows for creating nested lists. * // You should not implement it, or speculate about its implementation * class NestedInteger { * public: * // Constructor initializes an empty nested list. * NestedInteger(); * * // Constructor initializes a single integer. * NestedInteger(int value); * * // Return true if this NestedInteger holds a single integer, rather than * a nested list. bool isInteger() const; * * // Return the single integer that this NestedInteger holds, if it holds a * single integer * // The result is undefined if this NestedInteger holds a nested list * int getInteger() const; * * // Set this NestedInteger to hold a single integer. * void setInteger(int value); * * // Set this NestedInteger to hold a nested list and adds a nested integer * to it. void add(const NestedInteger &ni); * * // Return the nested list that this NestedInteger holds, if it holds a * nested list * // The result is undefined if this NestedInteger holds a single integer * const vector<NestedInteger> &getList() const; * }; */ class Solution { public: NestedInteger deserialize(string s) { stack<NestedInteger> stk; auto isDigit = [](const char& c) { return (c == ‘-‘) || isdigit(c); }; if (isDigit(s.front())) { return stoi(string(s.begin(), s.end())); } auto itr = s.begin(); while (itr < s.end()) { if (isDigit(*itr)) { auto valueEnd = find_if_not(itr, s.end(), isDigit); if (stk.empty()) // 用于处理输入为单个整数的情况,这种情况下没有[] stk.push(NestedInteger(stoi(string(itr, valueEnd)))); else stk.top().add(stoi(string(itr, valueEnd))); itr = valueEnd; } else { if (*itr == ‘[‘) { stk.push(NestedInteger()); } else if (*itr == ‘]‘) { NestedInteger ni = stk.top(); stk.pop(); if (stk.empty()) // 用于处理输入为[]的情况 stk.push(ni); else stk.top().add(ni); } ++itr; } } return stk.top(); } };
递归
本题实际上解析只有两个对象,一个是对以[
开头的NestedInteger解析,另一个是对数字的解析。解析NestedInteger时需要用到对数字的解析。实现如下:
class Solution { NestedInteger parse(string& s, int& pos) { if (s[pos] == ‘[‘) return parseNestedList(s, pos); return parseInteger(s, pos); } NestedInteger parseInteger(string& s, int& pos) { int sign = s[pos] == ‘-‘ ? -1 : 1; if (s[pos] == ‘+‘ || s[pos] == ‘-‘) ++pos; int num = 0; while (isdigit(s[pos])) { num = num * 10 + s[pos++] - ‘0‘; } num *= sign; return NestedInteger(num); } NestedInteger parseNestedList(string& s, int& pos) { NestedInteger ni; // pos++; while (s[pos] != ‘]‘) { pos++; // skip , and first [ if (s[pos] == ‘]‘) break; ni.add(parse(s, pos)); } pos++; return ni; } public: NestedInteger deserialize(string s) { int pos = 0; return parse(s, pos); } };
本题要求对一个嵌套的 Integer List 进行 flatten。
Given a nested list of integers, implement an iterator to flatten it.
Each element is either an integer, or a list -- whose elements may also be integers or other lists.
Example 1: Input: [[1,1],2,[1,1]] Output: [1,1,2,1,1] Explanation: By calling next repeatedly until hasNext returns false, the order of elements returned by next should be: [1,1,2,1,1]. Example 2: Input: [1,[4,[6]]] Output: [1,4,6] Explanation: By calling next repeatedly until hasNext returns false, the order of elements returned by next should be: [1,4,6].
需要实现三个函数,NestedInteger构造函数,hasNext()用来判断是否还有可供打印的整数,next()则返回一个可供打印的整数,同时将迭代器向后移动一位。
以输入[123,456,[789,211],985]
[345]
[398,[921,347]]
为例来进行分析
题目提供了NestedInteger对象的三个接口
从提供的接口来看,唯一可以获得NestedInteger中整数的情况是:NestedInteger(之后简称NI)中只有single integer。所以我们需要把嵌套结构的NI进行flatten,将它分解为一个个包含single integer的NI。
下面的代码展示了采用递归如何对一个NestedInteget进行flatten
void flatten(const NestedInteger& nestedInteger){ if(nestedInteger.isInteger()){ cout << nestedInteger.getInteger() << ‘ ‘; return; } vector<NestedInteger>& vNI = nestedList.getList(); for(auto& ni : vNI){ flatten(ni); } return; }
如果使用栈+非递归:
void flatten(const NestedInteger& nestedInteger){ stack<NestedInteger> stk; if(nestedInteger.isInteger()) cout << nestedInteger.getInteger(); vector<NestedInteger>& vNI = nestedList.getList(); for(auto rItr = vNI.rbegin(); rIte < vNI.rend(); ++rItr) stk.push(*rItr); while(!stk.empty()){ if(stk.top().isInteger()){ cout << stk.top().getInteger() << ‘ ‘; stk.pop(); } vector<NestedInteger>& vNI = nestedList.getList(); for(auto rItr = vNI.rbegin(); rIte < vNI.rend(); ++rItr) stk.push(*rItr); } return; }
OK,我们现在知道如何处理一个NestedInteger的情况了。那么应该如何处理vector<NestedInteger>
呢?
显而易见:对vector<NestedInteger>
中的每个NI单独进行flatten即可。
void flattenVectorNI(const vector<NestedInteger>& nestedList){ for(auto& ni : nestedList) flatten(ni); }
回到本题!额额额额额,本题要求是实现NestedIterator,而不是简单地直接flatten。
当然了,如果想直接套用之前的代码也是可以的,暴力flatten,把所有输出保存在queue中,NestedIterator一次遍历一个输出即可。这种实现好处在于NestedIterator.next()和NestedIterator.hasNext()的效率会很高。缺点在于NestedIterator构造函数的运行时间会很长(暴力flatten肯定是要在构造函数中进行的),而且没有做到“按需”遍历。
为了做到按需,我们需要一个栈。每次调用hasNext时,我们对栈顶的NI进行flatten,这是一个迭代的过程,当栈顶NI中只包含single integer时,返回true。栈顶之下的NI保持不动,当迭代器遍历到它时再进行flatten。如果stk为空,说明所有的NI已经遍历过了,返回false
bool hasNext() { while (!stk.empty()) { if (stk.top()->isInteger()) return true; // stk.top() is not a single Integer // maybe another NestedInteger,or a [] // need flatten auto& vNI = stk.top()->getList(); stk.pop(); if (vNI.empty()) // precess [] continue; for (auto i = vNI.end() - 1; i >= vNI.begin(); --i) stk.push(i); } return false; }
对于next函数,它只会在hasNext返回为true时才会调用,所以直接返回stk.top().getInteget()
即可,返回之前需要将栈顶元素pop。
int next() { int ret = stk.top()->getInteger(); stk.pop(); return ret; }
为了提高效率,我在栈中保存了迭代器而不是NI本身。完整代码如下:
/** * // This is the interface that allows for creating nested lists. * // You should not implement it, or speculate about its implementation * class NestedInteger { * public: * // Return true if this NestedInteger holds a single integer, rather than * a nested list. * bool isInteger() const; * * // Return the single integer that this NestedInteger holds, if it holds a * single integer * // The result is undefined if this NestedInteger holds a nested list * int getInteger() const; * * // Return the nested list that this NestedInteger holds, if it holds a * nested list * // The result is undefined if this NestedInteger holds a single integer * const vector<NestedInteger> &getList() const; * }; */ class NestedIterator { public: NestedIterator(vector<NestedInteger>& nestedList) { if (nestedList.empty()) // process [] return; for (auto i = nestedList.end() - 1; i >= nestedList.begin(); --i) stk.push(i); } int next() { int ret = stk.top()->getInteger(); stk.pop(); return ret; } bool hasNext() { while (!stk.empty()) { if (stk.top()->isInteger()) return true; // stk.top() is not a single Integer // maybe another NestedInteger,or a [] // need flatten auto& vNI = stk.top()->getList(); stk.pop(); if (vNI.empty()) // precess [] continue; for (auto i = vNI.end() - 1; i >= vNI.begin(); --i) stk.push(i); } return false; } private: stack<vector<NestedInteger>::iterator> stk; }; /** * Your NestedIterator object will be instantiated and called as such: * NestedIterator i(nestedList); * while (i.hasNext()) cout << i.next(); */